Digital divide in Nigeria

Nigeria's digital divide refers to the inequality of Nigerian individuals, groups, or organizations with regards to access to Information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure or to the internet for municipal use within the Nigerian community.[1] Education, lack of electrical infrastructure, income, and urban drift,[2] and a variety of other social and political factors contribute to Nigeria's growing digital divide.[1]

Efforts are currently being made to reduce the digital divide in Nigeria including collaboration between government agencies and technology corporations like Google, Cchub, Andela, StarBridge Africa, Microsoft and Intel,[3] using libraries as E-learning (theory) facilities,[4] and proposing governmental policies such as salary enhancement and social security.[1]

Causes

Economy

Nigeria is Africa's most populous country at 186 million people and sporting an urban vs. rural distribution of 48.3% to 51.7% respectively.[1] Despite its large supply of natural resources and being the second largest oil producer in the world,[1] the Gross domestic product of Nigeria is 1,400 USD per person.[3] Bribery and embezzlement of governmental funds from previous Nigerian leaders cost the Nigerian people the ability to afford access to the latest educational achievements.[1]

Illiteracy

One-third of Nigeria's populace lack basic literacy,[3] with the proportion of literate to illiterate Nigerians largely dependent on settlement and gender.[1] The table below shows that Nigerians within urban areas are more likely to be literate than those in rural areas and that men are more likely to be literate than women.

Literacy rates between male and female Nigerians in rural and urban communities.[1]

... Males Females
Urban 75% 59%
Rural 51% 34%

Effects

Robbed of inclusive educational system

An inclusive society is a society in which every person has an equal opportunity to engage in societal dialogue no matter the social class, wealth, education, etc. A person without an education cannot effectively contribute to the modern world. Education teaches skills, ethics, and values which are required to lead a responsible citizen. Education also distinguishes from ignorance and allows a person to face challenges of the modern world.[1] There are many benefits to an inclusive educational system, such as all children form a sense of belonging in their community, encourages parents to participate in their child's education, and allows children to accept individual differences, among children their age.[5]

Youth instability

Nigeria's youth population has also been significantly affected by the digital divide. Instability has risen among the Nigerian youth as they are overwhelmed by the capabilities and power of ICTs. Illiteracy rates for young men and women are also very high in the rural and urban settlements. Countries with a lot of uneducated youths, like Nigeria, face the risk of restiveness and instability which stalls development and economic development.[1]

Solutions

E-learning

Developed nations use electronic learning or "e-learning" to extend educational advantages to countries and societies excluded from educational institutions. E-learning is a method of stimulating education, learning through the merging of internet and electronic medias, and is one of systems the Nigerian government are using to bridge the educational gap caused by the digital divide.[1] E-learning makes use of existing information and communications technology infrastructure and available resources lowering a country's economic and financial strain.[2][4] E-learning also has the added benefits of providing users consistent content and being readily available. Participants of E-learning are also able to work at their own pace, which improves information retention as the program gives immediate feed-back.[1][2][4]

Computers for All Nigerians Initiative (CANi)

The Computers for All Nigerians Initiative (CANi) is a program focused on enhancing Nigeria's economic and social foundation by supplying access to personal computers (PCs) and internet to its citizens. The program is a result of a joint effort between Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (FMST) and its National Information Technology and Development Agency (NITDA) with local banks and PC producers, as well as private technology companies like Intel and Microsoft.[3] In order to avoid supplying CANi participants with expensive or poor-quality personal computers, CANi utilizes the aid of government provided subsidies and tax waivers; as well as support from technological companies to develop and produce affordable ICTs.

Updating public spaces

With qualified personnel on-hand and already existing ICT infrastructure, Nigerian libraries can utilize their resources to serve as e-learning centers. Previously, libraries were more focused towards collecting information than making it accessible.[4] Presently, efforts have been made to upload their print resources to electronic databases. Making these resources, along with ICTs publicly available to the Nigerian people will help enable innovation in managerial and operational processes within libraries.[4] Plans are also being implemented for classes on Information literacy to be taught within these public spaces enabling Nigerians with the critical thinking skills required to locate, process, and effectively use information they find.[6] [7]However, operating and maintaining e-learning facilities and the subsequent ICTs require a steady energy supply to run effectively.[1]

Social security

Social security is used to help lower the poverty level; it provides those people below the poverty line with the basic necessities, such as food to help their family survive. Social security would give assistance to people by decreasing their fear of acquiring basic necessities and start focusing on closing the digital divide gap.[1]

Salary enhancement

Salary enhancement is the improvement of salaries for rural workers; this would help close the digital divide gap in rural areas. Salary enhancement would give people an incentive to work harder and gain knowledge about technology. Salary enhancement would also give workers more money to spend on technology; therefore, closing the digital divide gap even more. Salary enhancement would also cause a change in the population of urban and rural areas.[1]

See also

References
  1. Nwegbu, Mercy U. (Ph.D). "The Impact of Digital Divide on E-learning in Nigeria" (PDF). aistonline.org. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  2. McLean, Pamela. "Human Networks Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Nigeria". Public Sphere Project. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  3. Intel Corporation (2007). Bridging the Digital Divide in Nigeria Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF). White Paper. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  4. Nkanu, W.O. "Digital Divide: Bridging the Gap through ICT in Nigerian Libraries". The University Library Cross River University of Technology Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  5. "Inclusive Education and its Benefits". NBACL. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  6. Baro, Emmanuel E.; Zuokemefa, Timi (2011-01-01). "Information literacy programmes in Nigeria: a survey of 36 university libraries". New Library World. 112 (11/12): 549–565. doi:10.1108/03074801111190428. ISSN 0307-4803.
  7. "IFLA -- Publications from IFLA". www.ifla.org. Retrieved 2020-05-27.

Reading Lists
  • Chitanana, T. (2019). From Global to Local, Metropolitan to Village: A Case for a Definitional and Context-Oriented Approach to Examining the ‘Digital Divide’. In Mutsvairo B. & Ragnedda M. (Eds.), Mapping Digital Divide in Africa: A Mediated Analysis (pp. 45–64). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvh4zj72.7[1]
  • Sam, S. (2019). Bridging the Digital Gap in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Analysis of Illiteracy and Language Divide. In Mutsvairo B. & Ragnedda M. (Eds.), Mapping Digital Divide in Africa: A Mediated Analysis (pp. 215–256). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvh4zj72.15[2]
  • Samuel Ereyi Aduwa-Ogiegbaen, & Ede Okhion Sunday Iyamu. (2005). Using Information and Communication Technology in Secondary Schools in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 8(1), 104-112. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.8.1.104[3]
  • Odeh, L., & Akinade, M. (2017). CHINA’S FOOTPRINT ON NIGERIA’S TELECOMMUNICATIONS MARKET: THE CASE OF HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES SINCE 2000. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 26, 107-121. doi:10.2307/48562081[4]
  • Ajayi, Lasisi (2015-06). "Critical Multimodal Literacy". Journal of Literacy Research. 47 (2): 216–244. doi:10.1177/1086296x15618478. ISSN 1086-296X[5]
  • Okunola, O. M., Rowley, J., & Johnson, F. (2017). The multi-dimensional digital divide: Perspectives from an e-government portal in Nigeria. Government Information Quarterly, 34(2), 329-339.[6]
  • Buys, P., Dasgupta, S., Thomas, T. S., & Wheeler, D. (2009). Determinants of a digital divide in Sub-Saharan Africa: A spatial econometric analysis of cell phone coverage. World Development, 37(9), 1494-1505.[7]
  1. Mutsvairo, Bruce; Ragnedda, Massimo, eds. (2019-05-20). Mapping Digital Divide in Africa: A Mediated Analysis. Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvh4zj72.7. ISBN 978-90-485-3822-5. JSTOR j.ctvh4zj72.
  2. Mutsvairo, Bruce; Ragnedda, Massimo, eds. (2019-05-20). Mapping Digital Divide in Africa: A Mediated Analysis. Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvh4zj72.15. ISBN 978-90-485-3822-5. JSTOR j.ctvh4zj72.
  3. Aduwa-Ogiegbaen, Samuel Ereyi; Iyamu, Ede Okhion Sunday (2005). "Using Information and Communication Technology in Secondary Schools in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects". Journal of Educational Technology & Society. 8 (1): 104–112. ISSN 1176-3647. JSTOR jeductechsoci.8.1.104.
  4. Law and modern states. Foundation Consulting and Legal Protection of Citizens. doi:10.14420/ru.2014.2.
  5. Ajayi, Lasisi (June 2015). "Critical Multimodal Literacy". Journal of Literacy Research. 47 (2): 216–244. doi:10.1177/1086296x15618478. ISSN 1086-296X.
  6. Okunola, Olaseni Muritala; Rowley, Jennifer; Johnson, Frances (2017-04-01). "The multi-dimensional digital divide: Perspectives from an e-government portal in Nigeria". Government Information Quarterly. 34 (2): 329–339. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2017.02.002. ISSN 0740-624X.
  7. Buys, Piet; Dasgupta, Susmita; Thomas, Timothy S.; Wheeler, David (2009-09-01). "Determinants of a Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Spatial Econometric Analysis of Cell Phone Coverage". World Development. 37 (9): 1494–1505. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.011. hdl:10986/6436. ISSN 0305-750X.
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