Despeciation

Despeciation is the loss of a unique species of animal due to its combining with another previously distinct species.[1] It is the opposite of speciation and is much more rare. It is similar to extinction in that there is a loss of a unique species but without the associated loss of a biological lineage. Despeciation has been noted in species of butterflies, sunflowers, mosquitoes, fish, wolves, and even humans.[2]

Process

A prime example of despeciation is convergent evolution due to the fact that it causes two species that live in same environment to become the same due to the similar functions and behaviors that it must partake in to survive in that habitat. Common examples of convergent evolution are Mullerian and Batesian mimicry. Batesian mimicry is when one species that is harmless mimics a more threatening, or intimidating, species as to prevent it from being killed. Mullerian mimicry is when two organisms mimic each other as to prevent either species from being killed by predators.[3]

Despeciation also occurs when two diverged species begin to interact in the same region, as in the case of Holarctic and Californian ravens in North America.

Examples

North American ravens

Holarctic Ravens and Californian Ravens had been two separate species for 1.5 million years until tens of thousands of years ago when their regions overlapped and they began to merge into a new species. This new raven species contains genes coming from both the Holarctic and Californian Raven. This was possible because they occupy the same area of the Western United States.[4]

Three-spined sticklebacks
The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Another possible cause for despeciation is increased gene flow and hybridization due to changes in the environment. One of these changes could include the loss of essential nourishment resources for each individual species. For example, Taylor et al.'s genetic analysis of three-spined sticklebacks across six lakes in southwestern British Columbia found two distinct species in 1977 and 1988 but only one combined species in data from 1997, 2000, and 2002. The new species is a hybrid and shows an intermediate form of the parental genotype. They concluded that external factors had imperiled the living conditions of the two species, thus eliminating the evolutionary specializations that had kept them unique.[5]

Humans

Anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) are considered to have undergone despeciation due to the genomes associated with remains of the closest archaic human species to modern humans, such as the Denisovans and Neanderthals, among others. These genomes show that human ancestors interbred with these other hominins.[6] Genes identified as being of Neanderthal and Denisovan origin have been located in the genome of modern humans in varying amounts dependent on location, and one Neanderthal-Denisovan hybrid nicknamed Denny has been identified, indicating that interbreeding took place where populations of the three species met.

References
  1. "Despeciation". Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  2. "Two become one: raven species reverse Darwin's tree | Cosmos". cosmosmagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  3. "Convergent Evolution". www.zo.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-06.
  4. "Two become one: raven species reverse Darwin's tree | Cosmos". cosmosmagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  5. TAYLOR, E. B.; BOUGHMAN, J. W.; GROENENBOOM, M.; SNIATYNSKI, M.; SCHLUTER, D.; GOW, J. L. (2005-11-30). "Speciation in reverse: morphological and genetic evidence of the collapse of a three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) species pair". Molecular Ecology. 15 (2): 343–355. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02794.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 16448405.
  6. ...... <ref> <ref>"What Is Despeciation?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
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