Denise Kandel

Denise Kandel (German: [ˈkandəl]; née Bystryn; born February 27, 1933) is an American medical sociologist and epidemiologist. She is known for her epidemiological longitudinal studies on the sequence of first-time use of various legal and illegal drugs, carried out beginning in the 1970s and continuing until at least 2016.

Denise Kandel
Born
Denise Bystryn

(1933-02-27) February 27, 1933
Paris, France
NationalityUnited States
CitizenshipUnited States
Known forLongitudinal studies on the sequence of first-time use of various legal and illegal drugs
Spouse(s)
​
(m. 1956)​
Children2
Scientific career
FieldsSocial medicine, epidemiology
InstitutionsSociomedical Sciences and Psychiatry at Columbia University and Department of Epidemiology of Substance Abuse at the New York State Psychiatric Institute

Life

Background and family

Bystryn was born to Jewish parents who emigrated in the 1920s, before knowing each other, from eastern Poland to France to attend university. Her father Iser Bystryn (1901–1954) studied in Caen and became chief engineer in a truck factory near Paris. Her mother Sara Wolsky Bystryn (1906–2003) had to abandon her plans to study in Paris for financial reasons and learned making hats and corsets. Kandel was born two years after the marriage (1930) of her parents. She had a younger brother, Jean-Claude Bystryn (1938–2010), who became a known American dermatologist and scientist at the NYU Langone Medical Center.[1] Both parents were fluent in French, but spoke Yiddish at home.[2]

In France up to 1949

The family lived in Colombes near Paris, and Kandel attended a primary school for girls (Ecole des Filles). The children grew up secularly, the family never went to synagogue, and they had presents at Christmas. In 1941, when Kandel was eight, and one year after the German invasion of France during the Second World War, Denise’s father was arrested as "foreign Jew" and interned approximately 100 km south of Paris in the Nazi Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. After some time he succeeded in fleeing to Cahors in south-western France, where could also meet his family again. While the parents – separated from each other – had to hide at changing places, the children found more stable shelter. Kandel could stay as a pupil in the convent Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc of Cahors until spring 1944, when she had to flee even from there and then lived with a family near Toulouse. In 1949 her family emigrated to the US.[2][3]

In the USA since 1949

Kandel attended the Lycée Français de New York, where she received the Baccalauréat after one year. Already at the age of 17 she was accepted by Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, where she graduated within two years for financial reasons. She then returned to New York to become a PhD student at Columbia University. Her tutor was Robert K. Merton, and she wrote a thesis in medical sociology about how medical students decide on their professional specialization.

During this time she met neuropsychiatrist Eric Kandel, future recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. They married in 1956 and had two children.[4]

Scientific work

When in the 1960s research on drug misuse gained in importance, Kandel applied to join a research team that intended to investigate drug use among high school students. She assumed she could contribute with her research experience concerning the influence of parents and peer groups on adolescents. However, she was rejected, because she wanted to interview both parents and students, and the research team feared that this might undermine students' cooperation. Kandel developed her own research project, which ultimately led to an influential longitudinal study of 1,325 persons. Later, she considered this work as a turning point in her career.[4]

The main subject of this and further similar investigations was the sequence of first-time use of various legal and illegal drugs. Her research in this area found a strong resonance in scientific and political discussions, and the catchphrases "stepping-stone theory" (used since the 1930s) and "gateway hypothesis" (used since the 1980s) were associated with her name, though often misleadingly.[5] Contrary to many others, Kandel always emphasized the difference between sequence and causation in the first-time use of different substances. These may – but need not – be coupled, a question which is investigated in further research, particularly in physiological experiments.[6][7][8][9]

Kandel is Professor of Sociomedical Sciences and Psychiatry at Columbia University and Head of the Department of Epidemiology of Substance Abuse at the New York State Psychiatric Institute.[10]

Awards

Selected publications

Original research reports
  • Kandel, D (1975). "Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use". Science. 190 (4217): 912–914. Bibcode:1975Sci...190..912K. doi:10.1126/science.1188374. hdl:10983/25298. PMID 1188374. S2CID 30124614.
  • Yamaguchi, K; Kandel, D. B. (1984). "Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: II. Sequences of progression". American Journal of Public Health. 74 (7): 668–672. doi:10.2105/ajph.74.7.668. PMC 1651663. PMID 6742252.
  • Kandel, D; Yamaguchi, K (1993). "From beer to crack: Developmental patterns of drug involvement". American Journal of Public Health. 83 (6): 851–855. doi:10.2105/AJPH.83.6.851. PMC 1694748. PMID 8498623.
  • Kandel, E. R.; Kandel, D. B. (2014). "Shattuck Lecture. A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (10): 932–943. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1405092. PMC 4353486. PMID 25184865.
  • Keyes, K. M.; Hamilton, A; Kandel, D. B. (2016). "Birth Cohorts Analysis of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and Subsequent Marijuana and Cocaine Use". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (6): 1143–9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303128. PMC 4880234. PMID 27077359.

Books
  • Denise B Kandel: The career decisions of medical students: a study in occupational recruitment and occupational choice. Dissertation, Columbia University, New York 1960.
  • Denise B Kandel, Richard Hays Williams: Psychiatric rehabilitation: some problems of research. New York, Atherton 1964.
  • Denise Bystryn Kandel, Gerald S. Lesser: Youth in two worlds. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass 1972, ISBN 978-0-87589-131-6.
  • Denise Bystryn Kandel: Longitudinal Research on Drug Use: Empirical Findings and Methodological Issues. Halsted Press 1978, ISBN 978-0-470-26287-0.
  • Denise B. Kandel: Parental Influences on Adolescent Marijuana Use And The Baby Boom Generation: Findings from the 1979–1996 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse. U.S. Government Printing Office 2001, ISBN 978-0-16-050816-5.
  • Denise B. Kandel (Ed.): Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis. Cambridge University Press 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-78969-1.

References
  1. "Obituaries: Jean-Claude Bystryn MD" (PDF). NYU Physician. NYU Langone Medical Center. Fall 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-02. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  2. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Photography (large format) of the parents from 1930 and many biographical details about the family (accessed May 23, 2016).
  3. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center. "Four hotographies of Denise Bystryn Kandel from the years 1942–1944". Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  4. Barbara Spector (January 2003). "The Gateway Hypothesis of Substance Abuse". newsletter ’’Science and Technology’’. Bryn Mawr College. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  5. Denise B. Kandel (Ed.): Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-78969-1, pp. 3f.
  6. Ellgren, M; Spano, S. M.; Hurd, Y. L. (2007). "Adolescent cannabis exposure alters opiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats". Neuropsychopharmacology. 32 (3): 607–615. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301127. PMID 16823391.
  7. Cadoni, C; Pisanu, A; Solinas, M; Acquas, E; Di Chiara, G (2001). "Behavioural sensitization after repeated exposure to Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine". Psychopharmacology. 158 (3): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s002130100875. PMID 11713615. S2CID 24008118.
  8. Panlilio, L. V.; Zanettini, C; Barnes, C; Solinas, M; Goldberg, S. R. (2013). "Prior exposure to THC increases the addictive effects of nicotine in rats". Neuropsychopharmacology. 38 (7): 1198–1208. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.16. PMC 3656362. PMID 23314220.
  9. Kandel, E. R.; Kandel, D. B. (2014). "Shattuck Lecture. A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (10): 932–943. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1405092. PMC 4353486. PMID 25184865.
  10. "Website von Denise Kandel am Columbia University Medical Center". Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  11. National Institute of Health (NIH).
  12. American Society of Addiction Medicine: Award Winners.
  13. The Society for Prevention Research, Award Listings, 2003.
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