Dengue fever outbreaks
As of 2010 dengue fever is believed to infect 50 to 100 million people worldwide a year with 1/2 million life-threatening infections.[1] It dramatically increased in frequency between 1960 and 2010, by 30 fold.[2] This increase is believed to be due to a combination of urbanization, population growth, increased international travel, and global warming.[1] The geographical distribution is around the equator with 70% of the total 2.5 billion people living in endemic areas from Asia and the Pacific.[2] Many of the infected people during outbreaks are not virally tested, therefore their infections may also be due to chikungunya, a coinfection of both, or even other similar viruses.
Recent outbreaks
The first recognized dengue epidemics occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, Africa, and North America in the 1780s, shortly after the identification and naming of the disease in 1779. A pandemic began in Southeast Asia in the 1950s, and by 1975 DHF had become a leading cause of death among children in the region. The first case of DHF was reported in Manila around 1953 through 1954.[3] A small child with dengue fever started to bleed uncontrollably. Other children then became victims to the new symptom.[4] Epidemic dengue has become more common since the 1980s. By the late 1990s, dengue was the most important mosquito-borne disease affecting humans after malaria, with around 40 million cases of dengue fever and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever each year. Significant outbreaks of dengue fever tend to occur every five or six months. The cyclical rise and fall in numbers of dengue cases is thought to be the result of seasonal cycles interacting with a short-lived cross-immunity for all four strains in people who have had dengue. When the cross-immunity wears off the population is more susceptible to transmission whenever the next seasonal peak occurs. Thus over time there remain large numbers of susceptible people in affected populations despite previous outbreaks due to the four different serotypes of dengue virus and the presence of unexposed individuals from childbirth or immigration.
There is significant evidence, originally suggested by S.B. Halstead in the 1970s, that dengue hemorrhagic fever is more likely to occur in people who have secondary infections by another one of dengue fever's four serotypes.[5] One model to explain this process is known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which allows for increased uptake and virion replication during a secondary infection with a different strain. Through an immunological phenomenon, known as original antigenic sin, the immune system is not able to adequately respond to the stronger infection, and the secondary infection becomes far more serious.[6]
Reported cases of dengue are an under-representation of all cases when accounting for subclinical cases and cases where the patient did receive medical treatment.
There was a serious outbreak in Rio de Janeiro during the summer of 2002 with 288,245 reported cases.[7] On March 20, 2008, the secretary of health of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Sérgio Côrtes, announced that 23,555 cases of dengue, including 30 deaths, had been recorded in the state in less than three months. Côrtes said, "I am treating this as an epidemic because the number of cases is extremely high." Federal Minister of Health, José Gomes Temporão also announced that he was forming a panel to respond to the situation. Cesar Maia, mayor of the city of Rio de Janeiro, denied that there was serious cause for concern, saying that the incidence of cases was in fact declining from a peak at the beginning of February.[8] By April 3, 2008, the number of cases reported rose to 55,000 [9]
In Singapore, the worst dengue outbreak is currently occurring. By 2 October 2020, there were more than 33,500 confirmed cases, and at least 29 deaths. This figure has exceeded the numbers of Singapore's previously worst dengue fever outbreak.[10][11]
Dengue fever occurs widely in the tropics, including the Southern United States,[12] northern Argentina, northern Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia,[13] Belize, Brazil, Cambodia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Laos, Malaysia, Melanesia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay,[14] The Philippines, Puerto Rico, Samoa,[15] Western Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela and Vietnam, and increasingly in southern China.[16]
A 2010 outbreak in Puerto Rico resulted in 5382 confirmed infections and 20 deaths. Nearby Guadeloupe and Martinique, in the French Caribbean, were affected as well: over 40000 clinical cases in each island required medical assistance (the outbreak peaked in August 2010 and was practically over by October). .[17][18] A considerable number of cases were recorded in the French/Dutch island of St.Martin/Sint Marteen as well, where dengue is endemic.[19] There was an outbreak in Pakistan with more than 5000 confirmed infections and a mortality rate of 31. The 2010 and 2009 dengue outbreaks in Key West Florida [20][21] are similar to the 2005 Texas (25 cases) and 2001 Hawaii (122 cases) outbreaks, which were locally sustained on American soil and not a result of travelers returning from endemic areas.[22]
American visitors to and visitors from dengue-endemic regions will continue to present a potential pathway for the dengue virus to enter the United States and infect populations that have not been exposed to the virus for several decades.[22][23] The health risks and rapidly escalating costs to the United States of unmonitored, unvaccinated and disease carrying travelers, legal and illegal, has been recently considered.[22][24]
An outbreak of dengue fever was declared in Cairns, located in the tropical north of Queensland, Australia on 1 December 2008. As of 3 March 2009 there were 503 confirmed cases of dengue fever, in a residential population of 152,137. Outbreaks were subsequently declared the neighbouring cities and towns of Townsville (outbreak declared 5 January 2009), Port Douglas (6 February 2009), Yarrabah (19 February 2009), Injinoo (24 February 2009), Innisfail (27 February 2009) and Rockhampton (10 March 2009). There have been occurrences of dengue types one, two, three, and four in the region. On March 4, 2009, Queensland Health had confirmed an elderly woman had died from dengue fever in Cairns, in the first fatality since the epidemic began last year. The statement said that although the woman had other health problems, she tested positive for dengue and the disease probably contributed to her death.
An epidemic broke out in Bolivia in early 2009, in which 18 people died and 31,000 were infected.
In 2009, in Argentina, a dengue outbreak was declared the northern provinces of Chaco, Catamarca, Salta, Jujuy, and Corrientes, with over 9673 cases reported as of April 11, 2009 by the Health Ministry.[25] Some travelers from the affected zones have spread the fever as far south as Buenos Aires.[26] Major efforts to control the epidemic in Argentina are focused on preventing its vector (the Aedes mosquitoes) from reproducing. This is addressed by asking people to dry out all possible water reservoirs from where mosquitoes could proliferate (which is, in other countries, known as "descacharrado"). There were information campaigns concerning prevention of the dengue fever; and the government is fumigating with insecticide in order to control the mosquito population.
One of the South Asian countries still suffering highly from this problem is Sri Lanka.[27]
An outbreak caused by serotype DENV-1 occurred in 2002 on Easter Island. Subsequent outbreaks occurred in 2006–2007 and 2008, 2009 and 2011 with decreasing magnitude over time. The male:female ratio in reported cases was approximately 1:1 and the average age at infection was 31.38 ± 18.37 in both sexes.[28]
2010
In many undeveloped regions, "authorities do not have adequate facilities to detect dengue cases."[29] Notably, in the Philippines where patients seek herbal medication in lieu of hospitals for treating dengue, death rates as evidenced below are statistically far greater than other affected areas. As many cases go unreported, higher statistics here do not necessarily indicate a larger outbreak. In 2010, Latin America alone reported a sum of 1.5 million cases.[30]
Country | Region | Confirmed Cases (Year: 2010) |
Suspected Cases (Year: 2010) |
Reported Deaths (Year: 2010) |
Compared with previous year | Figures as of** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
World (sum of all regions) | 1,785,059 | N.A. | 2,398 | |||
Brazil | – | 1,011,548 | – | 656 | 406,269 | mid Oct[31] |
Colombia | – | 121,600 | – | 161 | – | Sep 24[32] |
Indonesia | – | – | N/A | N/A | 155,000 and 1386 deaths[33] | no date |
Philippines | – | 119,789 | – | 724 | 49,319 (up 140%) | Nov 17[34] |
Venezuela | – | 124,931 | – | – | 65,869 | all of 2010[35] |
Thailand | – | 108,863 | – | 131 | up 134.7% on sep 27[36] | Nov 20[37] |
Vietnam | – | ~80,000 | – | 59 | 105,370 (whole year) | Sep [38] |
Honduras | – | 69,745 | – | 81 | 13,351 (whole year) | December 2010[39] |
Malaysia | – | 45,037 | – | 133 | 39,537 | dec 17[40] |
Sri Lanka | – | 26,824 | – | 192 | mid Jul[41] | |
Costa Rica | – | 21,000 | – | N/A | 3,326 | end Aug[42] |
Laos | – | 14,659 | – | 39 | 7,214(whole year) | aug 28[43] |
Puerto Rico | – | 13,990 | – | 22 | – | Sep 18[44] |
Paraguay | – | 13,678 | 6138 | n/a | n/a | sep 30[45] |
Mexico | – | 12,240 | – | 20 | 15,032 | week 32 (sep)[46] |
Indonesia | Bali | 10,230 | – | 29 | N/A | Jan–Oct[47] |
Dominican Republic | – | 8,839 | – | 41 | 3,000 | Sep 3[48] |
El Salvador | – | 6,458 | 15,068 | 1 | n/a | week 28[49] |
India | Delhi | 5,837 | – | 8 | 1,153 | Nov 9 [50] |
Pakistan | – | 7,000+ | – | 35 | – | Nov 22[51] |
Indonesia | North Sumatra | 5,805 | – | N/A | 4,643 (whole year) | Sep [52] |
Indonesia | Semarang | 5,284 | – | 43 | 3,883 | Oct 12 [53] |
Singapore | – | 5,103 | – | 41 | 4,497 | dec 11[54] |
Cambodia | – | 3,771 | – | 10 | 2,355 | to July[55] |
Saudi Arabia | Jeddah | 2219 | – | N/A | dec 16[56] | |
France | Martinique | 644 | 41970 | 17 | Nov 22 [18] | |
France | Guadeloupe | 418 | 44000 | 5 | Nov 22 [57] | |
Guatemala | – | 1,925 | 11,800 | 25 | 1 sep[58] | |
Indonesia | Yogyakarta | 1123 | – | – | 688 (whole year) | Sep 26[59] |
Taiwan | – | 1211 | – | 2 | 1052 | Nov 1[60] |
Trinidad and Tobago | – | 1,200 | – | 4 | N/A | end aug[61] |
India | Uttar Pradesh | 496 | – | 8 | Oct 20[62] | |
Nepal | Chitwan | 280 | – | – | – | Oct 17, 2010[63] |
United States | – | 198 (24-2010FL, 27-2009FL, 25-2005TX, 122-2001HI) [21][22][64] | 2 (2010, suspected)[65][66] | Cases down 11% from 2009[64] | Aug 3, 2010 [67] | |
France | Mayotte | 75 | – | N/A | Sep 1[48] | |
Australia | Queensland | 13 | 0 | 1 | Nov 3, 2010[68] |
2011
Philippines dengue case load for Q1 2011 was some 5% higher than the preceding year, at 18,885 cases and 115 deaths.[69] For 2011 until April 16, Brazil has recorded some 56,882 cases with 39 deaths, Paraguay with 27,000 cases and 31 deaths.[70]
A notable case was that of Trinidad and Tobago's first female Prime Minister, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, who was diagnosed with dengue fever in August 2011,[71] prompting investigation into the possibility of an epidemic on the twin-island republic. In 2012 the Island of Madeira experienced its first outbreak of dengue with 1080 confirmed cases.[72]
Some 52,008 cases of dengue fever were recorded in Thailand from Jan to Oct 16, 2012, with 50 deaths.[73]
2013
Record dengue outbreaks reported in 2013 in many countries: Brazil (double deaths over 2012),[74] Singapore, and Thailand (worst in 20 years),[75] among others. San Pedro Sula, Honduras declared a dengue 'state of emergency',[76] and Central America had its worst outbreaks since 2008.[77] Polynesia experienced an 'unprecedented' series of outbreaks (14), along with Chikungunya and Zika virus.
In only 7 weeks, in Brazil some 205,000 cases of dengue were reported, a record.[78] In Peru, nearly 400 cases have been reported until March 2013; two of them were fatal.[79] Since the beginning of 2013, in Paraguay 35 people have died after contracting dengue fever and almost 70,000 are still infected.[80] As of June, 150,000 people in Thailand have come down with it, with 50 deaths, and some 44 deaths in Laos and 11,000 cases, 14,000 cases in Singapore but only 6 deaths, 22 deaths in Malaysia and 10,500 cases[81] while 42,500 cases in Philippines with about 200 deaths.[82]
2014
Dengue deaths have tripled in Malaysia until Feb 2014 over 2013, after tripling 2013 over 2012.[83]
Due to Typhoon Haiyan striking the Philippines early 2014, stagnant waters and heavy rain have been on constant watch due to mosquitoes breeding and causing epidemics around the area.[84]
Yoyogi Park in Tokyo became a breeding ground for dengue fever carrying mosquitoes. On September 2, the Japanese health ministry confirmed that 34 people had been infected.[85]
A study claims India has 6 million unreported dengue cases annually,[86] while in Guangdong, China, a 15-fold increase over last year and 5-fold increase of mosquitos has left the normally lightly hit region stunned.[87] Likewise Taiwan also had a 10-fold increase in cases this year.[88]
2015
2015 saw a dengue outbreak in Taiwan.
Outbreaks intensified in nearly all tropical areas, with endemic extent, deaths, and caseloads all reported at new highs, with the Americas reporting 2 million symptomatic cases.[89] In tropical/subtropical Asia, nearly all nations had reported explosive increases.[90][91][92] With one sole exception, China's caseload has plunged to less than a tenth of the prior year due to massive releases of sterilized mosquitos.
Dengue appeared in the Hawaiian Islands in late 2015, with at least 190 cases confirmed by year end. Most cases were reported on the island of Hawaii (the "Big Island").[93][94]
2016
Argentina registered a Dengue fever outbreak in late January 2016 with 13 of 24 provinces affected.[95][96][97]
In Thailand, officials anticipated as many cases in 2016 as occurred during a large outbreak in 1978, the largest ever recorded.[98] From the beginning of the year to March, more than 8,000 cases had occurred,[99] compared with just over 4,000 cases over the same period in 2015.[100]
2017
A Dengue fever outbreak in the Indian state of Kerala in May and June 2017 had caused 6808 confirmed infections and 13 deaths by June 16.[101]
In Sri Lanka, there were 180,000 reported cases in 2017.[102] The majority of cases being reported from the Western province. The highest numbers of dengue cases were reported during the 20 week of 2017.[103] Sri Lankan health authorities warned that the country was facing a dengue epidemic with at least 301 patients dead.[104]
2019
A dengue fever outbreak in Bangladesh starting April 2019 has caused over 20,000 infected patients and 50 deaths so far.
A dengue epidemic has been declared in the Philippines after 600 dead and over 150,000 cases reported.[105]
In the summer of 2019 an outbreak was confirmed in Oceania. 276 cases and one death were reported in the Marshall Islands, resulting in the government halting travel between the urban centers of Ebeye and Majuro to the outer islands.[106] Outbreaks were also reported in Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, the Cook Islands, Tuvalu, and the Philippines.[107]
In end of December 2018, a man who had no recent travel history[108] tested positive for dengue fever in Oman. It is thought the Aedes Aegypti mosquito, which had been reportedly seen in some parts of Muscat, is the cause of the outbreak of dengue fever in parts of Oman. The outbreak was easily controlled though, with only 343 suspected cases and 59 confirmed cases by April 2019.
Mexico reported 41,505 cases and 191 deaths, with Jalisco being the state with the most infections (11,727) and deaths (49).[109]
2020
1,346,991 cases of dengue fever have been reported in Latin America between January 2019 and March 2020; 1,530 people have died. The countries with the highest rates are Nicaragua (2,271 cases per 100,000 inhabitants), Belize (1,021), Honduras (995.5), and El Salvador (375). Bolivia has reported 7,700 cases. Mexico had 24,313 cases and 79 deaths; the state of Jalisco reported the highest numbers (5,362 cases and 20 deaths), followed by Tabasco (9 deaths), and Michoacán (2,517 cases).[109]
Health authorities warn that efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic hampered efforts to combat dengue. At least 1.1 million cases of dengue and nearly 400 deaths from the disease have been reported in Brazil, where there are over 3.1 million COVID-19 infections.[110]
References
- Whitehorn J, Farrar J (2010). "Dengue". Br. Med. Bull. 95: 161–73. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldq019. PMID 20616106.
- WHO 2009 pg.3
- Gubler, Duane (1998). "Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11 (3): 480–496. doi:10.1128/CMR.11.3.480. PMC 88892. PMID 9665979.
- Dobson, Mary (2013). Disease: The Extraordinary Stories Behind History's Deadliest Killers. New York: Metro Books. pp. 152–155. ISBN 9781435151666.
- Halstead, S. B.; Nimmannitya, S.; Cohen, S. N. (April 1970). "Observations related to pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. IV. Relation of disease severity to antibody response and virus recovered". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 42 (5): 311–328. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2591704. PMID 5419206.
- Rothman AL (2004). "Dengue: defining protective versus pathologic immunity". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (7): 946–51. doi:10.1172/JCI21512. PMC 379334. PMID 15057297.
- Nogueira, Rita Maria Ribeiro; Schatzmayr, Hermann Gonçalves; de Filippis, Ana Maria Bispo; dos Santos, Flávia Barreto; da Cunha, Rivaldo Venâncio; Coelho, Janice Oliveira; de Souza, Luiz José; Guimarães, Flávia Ramos; de Araújo, Eliane Saraiva Machado (September 2005). "Dengue virus type 3, Brazil, 2002". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (9): 1376–1381. doi:10.3201/eid1109.041043. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3310608. PMID 16229765.
- Fernanda Pontes (20 March 2008). "Secretário estadual de Saúde Sérgio Côrtes admite que estado vive epidemia de dengue". O Globo Online (in Portuguese).
- CNN (3 April 2008). "Thousands hit by Brazil outbreak of dengue". CNN.
- "Dengue Cases". www.nea.gov.sg. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- "Weekly number of dengue cases in Singapore surpasses 'historical high'". CNA. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- "Locally Acquired Dengue – Key West, Florida, 2009–2010". Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- Schipani, Andres (2009-02-03). "Dengue fever outbreak in Bolivia". BBC. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- Reuters, "Dengue Fever Hits Paraguay", New York Times" (March 4, 2007)
- "Dengue Fever Outbreak Confirmed In Samoa". Samoa Live News. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06.
- "Zhuhai reports outbreak of dengue fever". China Daily. 2007-09-06. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
- "INVS Bulletin" (PDF).
- Archived December 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- "Surveillance de la dengue" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-08.
- Maugh II, Thomas H. (2010-07-14). "Dengue fever outbreak feared in Key West [Updated]". Los Angeles Times.
- "Global Health, Local Knowledge". HealthMap. 2012-10-26. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "The Dengue Threat to the United States". Upmc-biosecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "CDC reports that recent outbreak of dengue cases are the first locally acquired cases in Florida since 1934. | Natural Unseen Hazards Blog". Naturalunseenhazards.wordpress.com. 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "Another reason to stop illegal immigration: Health risks". Democratic Underground. 2000-12-27. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- Archived December 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- "Refuerzan las medidas para frenar el brote de dengue - 10.04.2009 - lanacion.com". Lanacion.com.ar. 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- Sri Lanka
- Canals M, González C, Canals A, Figueroa D (2012). "Epidemiological dynamics of dengue on Easter Island". Rev Chilena Infectol. 29 (4): 388–94. doi:10.4067/S0716-10182012000400004. PMID 23096537.
- "11 die due to viral, malaria and dengue fever in Kanpur, IBN Live News". Ibnlive.in.com. 2010-09-19. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "Over 1.5 Million Latin Americans Infected by Dengue in 2010 — MercoPress". En.mercopress.com. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "Dengue fever deaths on the rise in Brazil". Vaccine News Daily. 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- http://www.elheraldo.com.co/ELHERALDO/BancoConocimiento/0/0van_127600_casos_de_dengue/0van_127600_casos_de_dengue.asp?CodSeccion=25
- "cme-fk-uii-2010-kaji-virus-dengue – lintas.me". Lintasberita.com. 2010-07-14. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "Death toll from dengue fever hits 724 in the Philippines". Monsters and Critics. 2010-11-18. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "Gobierno reportó 104 mil 41 casos de dengue en el paĂs – EconomĂa". Entorno Inteligente. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "รมว.สธ.เผยยังพบผู้ป่วยไข้เลือดออกอย่างต่อเนื่อง ภาคใต้อัตราป". Ryt9.com. 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "Travel Health Service Year 2010". Travelhealth.gov.hk. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- Ngoc, Truong. "SGGP English Edition- Dengue fever continues to spread across Vietnam". Saigon-gpdaily.com.vn. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- "2010: Honduras tuvo peor epidemia de dengue en 30 años". Fox News. 18 December 2010.
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2010-12-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- "Pacific.scoop.co.nz » Sri Lanka: Dengue's Human Cost". scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Insidecostarica.com – Costa Rica Daily News and Information". insidecostarica.com. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "- ANN". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 20 September 2015.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
- "Dengue: entre la preocupación y la dejadez". El Nuevo Dia. 2010-09-19. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Diario Vanguardia | Clasificados | Agrupados | Gastronomia | Turismo | Hotelerias". Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2010-12-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- "Travel Health Service Year 2010". travelhealth.gov.hk. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "ProMED-mail". promedmail.org. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- http://migenteinforma.org/el-dengue-prolifera-en-las-fronteras-de-guatemala-honduras-y-el-salvador%5B%5D
- "35 new dengue cases in Delhi". The Times Of India. Archived from the original on November 13, 2010.
- http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\story_1-11-2010_pg1_5 Archived July 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- "Waspada Online". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Penderita DBD di Semarang Meningkat". liputan6.com. 2010-12-10. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_614132.html
- "Search". Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- Saudi Gazette. "2,219 cases of dengue fever in Jeddah". saudigazette.com.sa. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- http://www.invs.sante.fr/surveillance/dengue/points_guadeloupe/2010/pep_guadeloupe_2010_28_dengue.pdf
- F_121. "Gobierno de Guatemala reporta 25 muertos por dengue". peopledaily.com.cn. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Hujan Terus, Kasus DBD di Yogya Naik 40 Persen". Republika Online. 2010-09-21. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "傳染病統計資料查詢系統". cdc.gov.tw. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Caribbean dengue deaths force new measures in PR – Taiwan News Online". etaiwannews.com. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Mystery fever: Health Officials differ on toll – Indian Express". Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
- "You searched for Lawmakers continue surveying dengue-hit areas – The Himalayan Times". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- [http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abola.pt%2Fmundos%2Fver.aspx%3Fid%253D215785&tl=en&sl=pt]
- JOY BLACKBURN, reporter, Daily News Staff. "Dengue fever possible cause of death of St. John woman". virginislandsdailynews.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Surfing: Irons leaves behind pregnant wife". The New Zealand Herald. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- "Florida confirms 24 cases of dengue fever in Key West". CNN. 2010-08-04.
- "More dengue fever cases uncovered in north Qld". ABC News. 2010-10-15. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Philippines Top Stories: Politics, Environment, Education, Trending | Inquirer.net". Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
- "Etravelblackboard.com". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Trinidad Express Newspapers: – DENGUE STRIKES KAMLA". trinidadexpress.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- Auerswald, Heidi; de Jesus, Ana; Seixas, Gonçalo; Nazareth, Teresa; In, Saraden; Mao, Sokthearom; Duong, Veasna; Silva, Ana Clara; Paul, Richard (2019-03-13). "First dengue virus seroprevalence study on Madeira Island after the 2012 outbreak indicates unreported dengue circulation". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 103. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3357-3. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 6417143. PMID 30867031.
- "Warning of dengue fever outbreak".
- "Dengue emergency in Brazil: 573 deaths so far this year says Health ministry". MercoPress. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Worst dengue epidemic in 20 years".
- "Honduras: MSF fights deadly outbreak of dengue fever". Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Central America: Dengue Epidemic Sweeps Region". The Argentina Independent. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- Vaccine News Report (27 February 2013). "Brazil hit by dengue outbreak". vaccinenewsdaily.com. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Paraguay declares state of emergency due to dengue fever", Healio
- "Paraguay: Dengue Fever Epidemic Worsens", The Argentina Independent
- Thomson Reuters Foundation. "Dengue fever cases hit a high in parts of Southeast Asia -media". trust.org. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "DOH: 42,207 dengue cases, 193 deaths from January to 1st week of June". GMA News Online. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Malaysia warns of dengue fever spike". ABC News. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Philippines On Watch For Infectious Disease Outbreaks". 2014-01-29. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- "Japanese models catch Dengue fever after visiting source of outbreak". Retrieved 2 September 2014.
- http://www.abplive.in/health/2014/10/07/article415679.ece/India-has-6-mn-unreported-dengue-cases-study#.VDTzMLRX_9k10/07/article415679.ece/India-has-6-mn-unreported-dengue-cases-study#.VDTzMLRX_9k
- "South China province reports 1,661 new dengue fever cases". ecns.cn. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "South China dengue outbreak tops 16,000, Taiwan sees 10-times the 2013 case total – Outbreak News Today". outbreaknewstoday.com. 2014-10-03. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- "Dengue in the Americas: 2 million cases and counting, deaths top 1,000". 2015-11-08.
- "Dengue in Asia: Updated case counts for Thailand, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and others". 2015-11-18.
- http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/28/c_134756955.htm
- "Dengue fever cases exceed 38,000, concentrated in southern Taiwan | Society | FOCUS TAIWAN – CNA ENGLISH NEWS".
- "Seven new confirmed Dengue Fever cases bring total to 202 Friday (Jan 1)". Hawaii 24/7. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
- "Disease Outbreak Control Division | Dengue Outbreak 2015". health.hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
- ""Ya tenemos un brote epidémico de dengue", aseguró Jorge Lemus". La Nacion. La Nacion. 2016-01-20. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- Czubaj, Fabiola (2016-01-21). "Con más de 1100 casos, el dengue ya se convirtió en una epidemia". La Nacion. La Nacion. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- "El mapa del dengue: cómo está la situación provincia por provincia". La Nacion. La Nacion. 2016-01-21. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- "Thailand braces for 'mega-outbreak' of Dengue fever". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- "PRO/AH> DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (06): AMERICAS, ASIA, INDIAN OCEAN, AFRICA 2016-03-03 10:36:0 Archive Number: 20160303.4065700". Pro-MED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases.
- "Dengue fever numbers double from last year". The Nation. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- "Dengue fever cases swell in Kerala". The Hindu. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- Rathnayake, D.; Wijewickrama, A.; Aluthge, K. (September 30, 2018). "Response of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sri Lanka to an unexpected dengue epidemic in 2017". The Ceylon Medical Journal. 63 (3): 108–112. doi:10.4038/cmj.v63i3.8727. ISSN 0009-0875. PMID 30415513.
- Administrator. "Dengue update". www.epid.gov.lk. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
- "Sri Lanka warns of dengue epidemic; 200 dead, over 63,000 affected in 2017". Firstpost. 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
- Dengue epidemic declared in the Philippines: 600 dead, 150 thousand cases, ABC
- Johnson, Giff (4 September 2019). "Marshalls confirms first dengue death". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- "WHO says 2019 'worse than usual' for dengue in Pacific". Radio New Zealand. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- "Source of Oman's Dengue Outbreak", Ijid online.
- Partida, Juan Carlos G. "La Jornada - Jalisco, primer lugar nacional en dengue por segundo año consecutivo". jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- "Dengue prevention efforts stifled by coronavirus pandemic, doctors warn". NBC News. Retrieved July 12, 2020.