David Hugh McCulloch

David Hugh McCulloch (April 23, 1890 – September 20, 1955) was an early American aviator who worked with Glenn Curtiss from 1912. Curtiss was a contemporary and competitor to the Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville, who had made the first flights at Kitty Hawk in 1903. Curtiss won the world's first air race at Reims in France in August 1909, and was now becoming the driving force in American aviation. McCulloch's early work with Curtiss consisted of demonstrating, training and selling Curtiss planes and participating in early developments of flight. He trained the First Yale Unit (using Curtiss flying boats), and in two consecutive days in 1917, he and several of his pupils from the First Yale Unit made flights that convinced the Navy to bring aircraft aboard ships. Later, McCulloch was co-pilot with Holden C. Richardson and flight commander John Henry Towers of the NC-3, the leader of the three Navy flying boats making the first flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

David Hugh McCulloch
McCulloch : Naval Aviator No. 168
BornApril 23, 1890
Port Royal, Pennsylvania
DiedSeptember 20, 1955
New York, NY
Resting placeWoodlawn Cemetery , West Palm Beach, FL
NationalityUS
Spouse(s)Helen Wheeler Fair
AwardsNavy Cross
Order of the Tower and Sword
Aviation career
First flight1912
Curtiss Aircraft
Famous flightsCo-pilot NC-3 , First Transatlantic Crossing 1919
Air forceUS Navy
RankLieutenant Commander, USN

Birth and early career

McCulloch was born in 1890 in Port Royal, Pennsylvania, to William Turbett McCulloch and Lucretia Jane McManigal, both of whose families were early residents of Pennsylvania. The McCullochs were mill owners and horse breeders. They also bred springer spaniels and pointers for hunting. From an early age David and his brothers fished for trout, walleye, northern pike, and other fish in the lakes and rivers and hunted deer, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants, quail, and bears.[1]

Marriage and family

McCulloch married Helen Wheeler Fair, daughter of Robert Maitland Fair and Emma Dean, on April 20, 1920. They had three daughters: Virginia Fair, Elizabeth Maitland, and Helen Lucretia. Their only son, David, died as a baby. Helen's father, Robert Maitland Fair, had been managing partner of Marshall Field's,[2][3] then the biggest retail business in the world. He funded his niece Neltje Blanchan De Graff (pen name Neltje Blanchan) and her husband Frank Nelson Doubleday to set up their publishing business, which became the biggest publisher in the United States.[4] McCulloch's wife Helen had started coming to Palm Beach in the early 1900s, making deep-sea fishing trips with Lawrence Waterbury II and Payne Whitney. McCulloch and his wife built a house in Palm Beach where he was a founding member of the Bath and Tennis Club.

Early interest in aviation
David Hugh McCulloch Hydroaeroplane Certificate No. 16 of the Aero Club of America

In 1912 at the age of 22, McCulloch learned to fly at the Curtiss Flying School in Hammondsport, New York. He then purchased his own plane for sport and business. A sportsman and bon vivant, McCulloch made friends with and enthused people who later became leaders in the industry. Among these friends were Harry Frank Guggenheim, Edward Francis Hutton, Nelson Slater, Vincent Astor (from whom he bought Shore Cottage in Sands Point), and Rodman Wanamaker. In 1915 he worked with the Aero Club of America (of which he was a member and received Hydroaeroplane Pilots's Certificate No. 16) and the Aero Club of Pennsylvania to aid in establishing planes for the defense of the area by purchasing and donating two aerohydroplanes (valued at $15,000 in 1915 dollars) to help form Pennsylvania's aerial fleet of five planes.[5]

Work with Glenn Curtiss
Photo of David Hugh McCulloch in Curtiss Model F Flying Boat – F. C. G. Eden on far right [6]

After McCulloch received instruction at the Curtiss Flying School at Hammondsport, New York. He became a close friend and employee of Curtiss. While with Curtiss from 1912 to 1914 he demonstrated, taught, and sold Curtiss flying boats to the governments of South American countries.[7] He worked with the Brazilian Government and flew Brazilian president Hermes da Fonseca over Guanabara Bay (1st flight of a Brazilian president over the skies of Brazil).[8] Starting in 1914 he managed the Curtiss Flying School. In 1915 he was sent to be the instructor at the Italian Naval Aeronautics School in Taranto.[9] McCulloch continued his affiliation with Curtiss using Curtiss Model F flying boats for instruction and eventually co-piloting one of the Curtiss NC flying boats for the Navy on the first transatlantic crossing voyage.

American Trans-Oceanic Company

In 1916 McCulloch became the manager and chief pilot of the newly formed Rodman Wanamaker American Trans-Oceanic Company based in Port Washington, New York.[10][11] It was formed with a vision of becoming the first commercial airline to offer non-stop trans-Atlantic flights. It became one of the earliest commercial airlines in the US. While at American Trans-Oceanic Company, McCulloch became the instructor for the First Yale Unit.[12]

Training the First Yale Unit

World War I was underway. With the examples of the Lafayette Escadrille and the heroic exploits of Tommy Hitchcock Jr. in the Lafayette Flying Corps in France, a group of Yale students decided to set up their own unit to join the War. F. Trubee Davison who had been to Paris in 1915 came home and decided to start the group which became known as the First Yale Unit. They sought an instructor. Davison's mother Kate Trubee Davison and her husband Henry Pomeroy Davison (senior partner at J.P. Morgan & Co. and a player in the formation of the Federal Reserve) gave them a plane. They discovered McCulloch who was then manager and pilot at Wanamaker's Trans Oceanic Company. He agreed to instruct the Yale students and put them through a thorough, methodical course at Port Washington and Huntington in the summer and fall, and West Palm Beach in the winter. These young men of the First Yale Unit ended up playing a major role in the beginning of American airpower. Members (such as Robert Lovett) of this First Yale Unit became important not only in World War I but right through World War II and on to help guide American military policy into the 1950s.[13]

Role in expanding the usefulness of naval aviation

By 1915, the US Navy had begun experimenting with aircraft landing on ships but the value of seaplanes for coastal defense was not fully realized. During the week of September 5, 1915 the annual training maneuver of the Naval Reserve and the regular Navy were taking place at Gravesend Bay in Brooklyn. McCulloch and some of his students of the Yale Unit now known as the "Volunteer Aerial Coastal Patrol Unit No. 1" took part. Their role was to operate with the fleet to help work out problems of coastal defense. The Navy had secretly laid a field of mines and the first task of the group was to attempt to discover them by air. McCulloch piloted the plane and Harry Davison was the observer. They quickly discovered and charted the mines. Even more spectacular, their next task was to discover two destroyers masquerading as hostile cruisers that were attempting to sneak past defenses. McCulloch piloted a plane with F. Trubee Davison as observer. They succeeded in finding the two ships even though visibility was low. They received praise from the Navy and to quote Alan R. Hawley, president of the Aero Club of America, from a letter to F. Trubee Davison, "The fact that we have not an adequate Air Service accentuates the value of the efforts being made by the patriotic members of your Unit. Your good example is being followed by hundreds of others who realize that aeronautics is the most important branch of our defenses and that naval aeronautics has been shamefully neglected."[14]

Curtiss NC-3 and the First Transatlantic flight team

Curtiss built four Curtiss NC flying boats (Curtiss NC-1 through Curtiss NC-4) for the US Navy that were to be used for hunting submarines. But World War I ended and as the NC flying boats were no longer needed for war, the Navy decided to attempt a first transatlantic crossing by air and to use three of these flying boats. McCulloch was brought into active duty in March 1919 to partake in the flight. He was chosen as co-pilot of the NC-3, the flagship plane, along with Holden C. Richardson as pilot and John Henry Towers as navigator and commander of the fleet. The triumphant flight across the Atlantic began on May 8, 1919. On the leg of the trip from Trepassey Bay to the Azores, upon the landing in heavy seas near the Azores on May 17, one of the wing pontoons broke. While at sea for two days McCulloch and the rest of the crew of the NC-3 alternated tying themselves to the wing opposite the one with the broken pontoon so as to keep the flying boat level. In order to survive they drank radiator water. During the two days at sea, back home in the US, the crew of the NC-3 was all but given up for as it was assumed that the flying boat had sunk. After traveling for two days at sea, once spotted at Ponta Delgado, they refused to be towed in and came into port under their own power. The NC-4 continued on to complete this voyage with their arrival in Lisbon. McCulloch and his crew went by destroyer to Plymouth, England, to join the festivities in Europe for this first successful transatlantic crossing by air. McCulloch was awarded the Navy Cross for this service.[15]

Seaplane altitude record-setting flight

On August 19, 1921 McCulloch took the Loening Model 23 to a seaplane record setting flight of 19,500 feet. The flight took place in Port Washington, NY. There were three passenger, Leroy Grumman, Ladislaus D'Orcy, and Grover Loening. This flight was said to also better the American record for land planes flying with passengers.[16]

Loening Model 23 Seaplane Altitude Record Flight Chart August 16, 1921

World War II re-enlistment

McCulloch reentered the United States Navy on June 29, 1942 as a Lieutenant Commander to assist the Naval Air Force with administrative duties during World War II. His first duties were with the training department at Floyd Bennett Field in New York, and he was later transferred to the staff of Vice Admiral Patrick N. L. Bellinger and stationed in Norfolk, Virginia. Toward the end of this period of service, he spent time in the hospital in convalescence due to chronic arthritis. He left the Navy at the age of 56 in June, 1946. Following this, his ill health led to quiet retirement in New York City.

Death

McCulloch died of throat cancer on September 20, 1955 in New York, NY and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in West Palm Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida.[17]

Awards, honors, and achievements
  • Curtiss Marine Flying Trophy (1915) for longest flight made in 10 hours in a flying boat (flew 480 miles in 7 hours 42 minutes)

[18] [19] [20]

  • Order of the Tower and Sword by government of Portugal; Awarded to the crews of the First Transatlantic Flight.
  • Navy Cross; Awarded to the crews of the First Transatlantic Flight.
  • Decorated by Italy for work in training the newly formed Italian Naval Air Force.
  • Altitude record for seaplanes August 16, 1921 [16]

Timeline

References
Citations
  1. Encyclopedia of the Juniata Valley,Comprising the Counties of Huntingdon, Mifflin, Juniata, and Perry, Pennsylvania. II. Chambersburg, PA: J. M. Runk & Co. 1897. p. 947.
  2. Soucek, Gayle (September 20, 1910). Marshall Field's: The Store that Helped Build Chicago. The History Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-1596298545.
  3. "The New York Times". Red Bank, NJ. October 25, 1913. p. 13.
  4. Doubleday, Frank N. (1972). Memoirs of a Publisher. p. 43. ISBN 978-1125821954.
  5. "Fleet of Aeroplanes Planned for Three States". Aerial Age Weekly: 497. August 9, 1915.
  6. "David H. McCulloch in Flying Boat". Aerial Age Weekly: 129. October 15, 1915.
  7. "Will Demonstrate Boat in South America". Aero and Hydro ; America's Aviation Weekly: 214. December 21, 1912.
  8. Ficke, George. "DAVID H. MCCULLOUGH 1886– AKA D. H. McCulloch".
  9. "Photo – Three American Aviators who Trained the Students of the Royal Italian Navy". Flying. 6 (3): 218. April 1917.
  10. "American Trans-oceanic Company". World History. April 27, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  11. Woodhouse, Henry (February 1917). "From the Air". Flying. VI (1): 41.
  12. Appel, Joseph H. (1930). The Business Biography of John Wanamaker Founder and Builder, America's Merchant Pioneer from 1861 to 1922 (PDF). New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 165.
  13. Wortman, Marc (2006). The Millionaires' Unit, The Aristocratic Flyboys Who Fought the Great War and Invented American Air Power. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-328-9.
  14. Paine, Ralph Delahaye (1925). The First Yale Unit, A Story of Naval Aviation, 1916–1919. Cambridge: The Riverside Press. pp. 42–47.
  15. Reynolds, Clark G. (April 1987). "Voyage of the NC-3". Naval History Magazine. Vol. 1 no. 1.
  16. "Loening Hydro-Monolplane Breaks Altitude Record". Aerial Age Weekly. XIII: 560. August 22, 1921.
  17. "Obituary". Daily News from New York. 23 September 1955. p. 588.
  18. "David McCulloch Flies for Curtiss Trophy". Aerial Age Weekly. II: 103. October 18, 1915.
  19. "David H. McCulloch in Flying Boat (photo)". Aerial Age Weekly. II: 129. October 25, 1915.
  20. "The Curtiss Marine Flying Trophy". Flying. 4: 737. November 1915.
Bibliography
  • Smith, Richard K.: First Across, The U.S. Navy's Transatlantic Flight of 1919. Annapolis: The United States Naval Institute, 1973. ISBN 0-87021-184-6.
  • Paine, Ralph D.: The First Yale Unit, A Story of Naval Aviation, 1916–1919. Cambridge: The Riverside Press, 1925.
  • Stierman, Hy and Kittler, Glenn D.: Triumph, The Incredible Saga of the First Transatlantic Flight. New York : Harper & Brothers, 1961. 61-10216
  • D'Orcy, Ladislaus: D'Orcy's Airship Manual, An International Register of Airships with a Compendium of the Airship's Elementary Mechanics. New York : The Century Company, 1917.
  • Wortman, Marc: The Millionaires' Unit, The Aristocratic Flyboys Who Fought the Great War and Invented American Air Power. New York : PublicAffairs, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58648-328-9.
  • Ron King , Darach Greer, Harry Davison (2014). The Millionaires' Unit, The First US Naval Aviators in World War I (DVD).
External links
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