Cynical Theories

Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything about Race, Gender, and Identity—and Why This Harms Everybody is a nonfiction book by Helen Pluckrose and James A. Lindsay, published in August 2020. The book was listed on the bestsellers lists of Publishers Weekly,[1] USA Today,[2] and Calgary Herald.[3]

Cynical Theories
AuthorHelen Pluckrose, James Lindsay
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
PublishedAugust 25, 2020
PublisherPitchstone Publishing
ISBN978-1634312028
Websitecynicaltheories.com

Summary

Cynical Theories contrasts the academic approaches of liberalism and postmodernism, then explains how applied postmodernism (which focuses on ought rather than is) has displaced other approaches to activism and scholarship. The authors present several academic fields—postcolonial theory, queer theory, critical race theory, intersectionality, fourth-wave feminism, gender studies, fat studies, and ableism—and describe how the 'applied postmodernism' approach has developed in each field. The authors use capitalization to distinguish between the liberal concept of social justice and the ideological movement of Social Justice that they state has reified postmodernism.

Reception

Shortly after its release the book became a Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Publishers Weekly bestseller[4][5][6] and a #1 bestseller in Philosophy on Amazon.[4] Harvard University's Steven Pinker, psychologist and public intellectual, praised the book, saying that it "exposes the surprisingly shallow intellectual roots of the movements that appear to be engulfing our culture".[7]

Cynical Theories was named in the Financial Times' Best Books of the Year 2020 [8] and in The Times' Best Political and Current Affairs Books of the Year 2020 [9]

A review published by the James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal takes issue with some of the book's historical claims about feminism, as well as disagreeing with its policy suggestions, stating "Cynical Theories offers a great examination of the problem within academia, but so far as policy suggestions go, it only offers vague utopian wishes." However, the review also says, "Barring a few flaws, Cynical Theories is essential reading for anyone looking to reform or preserve the classical Western academy."[10]

Douglas Murray wrote an admiring review of Cynical Theories for The Times, saying "I have rarely read such a good summary of how postmodernism evolved from the 1960s onwards." Murray concludes, "Yet as I put down the book and turned on the news I couldn't help thinking that this deconstruction of the deconstructionists may have arrived just a moment too late."[11]

A Spiked reviewer says that the authors provide "a huge service in translating the language of today’s activists and explaining to readers not steeped in critical theory or postmodernism how the world looks from the perspective of those who are," and that it "successfully draws out how, over the course of six decades, the burgeoning popularity of critical theory within university humanities and social-science faculties shifted postmodernism from a minority academic pursuit to an all-encompassing political framework." But the review also notes that "[w]hile Cynical Theories offers an excellent account of how postmodern scholarship morphed into social-justice activism, it is less persuasive when it comes to why this happened." The review states, "What’s largely missing from Cynical Theories is a broader political contextualisation of social-justice activism."[12]

The Manchester Review says "Despite its flaws, Cynical Theories is an important, interesting, accessible, and extensively cited work of non-fiction. It avoids the pitfalls of texts caught up in ‘culture war’ subjects; it intentionally avoids screeds of left- and right-wing punditry and the reader is likely to come away feeling that it has been academic and fair towards its opponents.[13]

Nick Fouriezos of OZY magazine describes Cynical Theories as "the first cohesive attempt to tie together the intellectual strands of the intellectual dark web" and notes its "blind spots" in suggesting that the movements for civil rights, LGBT protections, and feminism had achieved almost total victory by the 1980s while ignoring significant issues that had persisted since then.[14]

Tim Smith-Laing in The Daily Telegraph says the authors "leap from history to hysteria" and the book fails to fulfill the "values of rational, evidence-based argument" that it praises.[15]

Nigel Warburton, writing for The Spectator, admires the early chapters on postmodernism and calls the first part of the book "a plausible and interesting story about the origins of the phenomena they describe. Like Roger Scruton in his book Fools, Frauds, and Firebrands, they have done their homework, and can’t fairly be accused of a superficial understanding of the thinkers they engage with, though they probably underestimate the seriousness and depth of Foucault’s analysis of power." and says the book then "becomes a gloves-off polemic against specific manifestations of Theory in areas such as postcolonialism, queer theory, critical race theory, gender, and disability studies. Here they are far less charitable to their targets, and they take cheap shots in passing, a strategy likely to prevent anyone who has caught Theory from being cured by reading this."[16]

In a Liberal Currents review focused on chapter eight of Cynical Theories, Samuel Hoadley-Brill, a PhD student in philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center, suggests that many of the book's citations and paraphrases of the scholarship that Pluckrose and Lindsay critique are misleading and based on cherry-picking. "None of the cited works by Fricker, Dotson, Medina, Code, Wolf, Mills, or Bailey gives us any reason to classify them as radical skeptics about the possibility of objective knowledge or truth... For those of us who have carefully read the literature, Pluckrose and Lindsay’s discussion of reified postmodernism in academic philosophy looks much more like incendiary fan fiction than scholarly analysis". Hoadley-Brill concludes that the chapter "suffers from the exact same problems Pluckrose and Lindsay diagnose in Social Justice scholarship—namely, misplaced cynicism combined with unwarranted confidence in such cynical interpretations. Critical scrutiny exposes an embarrassing fact: Pluckrose and Lindsay have done a better job of revealing themselves as cynical theorists than revealing any of the theories they discuss as cynical."[17]

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Simon Jenkins wrote that within half an hour of starting he thought he had "had enough of this book. Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay seemed obsessed by a straw man, a fake foe. Their opponents, I felt, were surely well-intentioned and did not really believe what they were accused of believing." He went on, however, "I read on and now think differently." He cited the conclusion "refreshing" in that they offered no "counter-revolutionary strategy" or "demand that Theory be suppressed," but rather only call for the support of "reason, debate, tolerance, democracy and the rule of law." He wrote that book illuminates "one of those sidetracks in Western ideology that led to both Salem and Weimar."[18]

References
  1. "Publishers Weekly Best-Sellers". OANow.com. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  2. "US-Best-Sellers-Books-USAToday". Martinsville Bulletin. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  3. "Calgary bestsellers". Calgary Herald. August 29, 2020. p. B.7.
  4. Pluckrose, Helen; Lindsay, James A. (2020). Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything about Race, Gender, and Identity – And Why This Harms Everybody. ISBN 9781634312028.
  5. "Bestselling Books Week Ended August 29". The Wall Street Journal. September 3, 2020. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  6. "US-Best-Sellers-Books-USAToday". The Washington Post. Associated Press. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  7. Paul Kelly (September 12, 2020). "Tracing the dangerous rise and rise of woke warriors". The Australian. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  8. "Subscribe to read | Financial Times". www.ft.com. Retrieved November 22, 2020. Cite uses generic title (help)
  9. Millen, Roland White | Robbie. "Best political and current affairs books of the year 2020". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  10. Maitra, Sumantra (May 29, 2020). "A War Against 'Normal'". James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  11. Murray, Douglas (September 4, 2020). "Cynical Theories by Helen Pluckrose & James Lindsay review — woke warriors are conquering academia". The Times.
  12. Williams, Joanna (August 28, 2020). "How wokeness conquered the academy". Spiked. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  13. "Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay | Cynical Theories | reviewed by Ryan Whittaker". The Manchester Review. October 18, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  14. Fouriezos, Nick (August 10, 2020). "American Fringes: The Intellectual Dark Web Declares Its Independence". OZY. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  15. Smith-Laing, Tim (September 19, 2020). "'Postmodernism gone mad': is academia to blame for cancel culture?". The Telegraph.
  16. Warburton, Nigel. "Universities are supposed to encourage debate, not strangle it". The Spectator. No. November 14, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  17. Hoadley-Brill, Samuel (August 19, 2020). "The Cynical Theorists Behind Cynical Theories". Liberal Currents. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  18. Jenkins, Simon. "The new intolerance". Times Literary Supplement (2 October 2020). News UK. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
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