Cruft

Cruft is a jargon word for anything that is left over, redundant and getting in the way. It is used particularly for defective, superseded, useless, superfluous, or dysfunctional elements in computer software.

This article is about a computing term. For other uses, see Cruft (disambiguation).

History
Harvard Cruft Laboratory

Around 1958, the term was used in the sense of "garbage" by students frequenting the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[1] In the 1959 edition of the club's dictionary, it was defined as "that which magically amounds in the Clubroom just before you walk in to clean up. In other words, rubbage".[2] Its author Peter Samson later explained that this was meant in the sense of "detritus, that which needs to be swept up and thrown out. The dictionary has no definition for 'crufty,' a word I didn't hear until some years later".[2] Cruft can also refer to alumni who remain socially active at MIT.[3]

The origin of the term is uncertain, but it may be derived from Harvard University's Cruft Laboratory (built in 1915 as a gift from a donor named Harriet Otis Cruft[4]), which was the Harvard Physics Department's radar lab during World War II. As late as the early 1990s, unused technical equipment could be seen stacked in front of Cruft Hall's windows. According to students, if a place filled with useless machinery is called Cruft Hall, the machinery itself must be cruft. This image of "discarded technical clutter" would then have quickly migrated from hardware to software. Cruft may also be a play on the archaic medial "s", rendering "crust" as "cruſt".[5] In the TMRC dictionary, the relation to the term "crud" (dirt, crap) is pointed out by humorously defining the better known word (crud) by the more obscure one (cruft).[2]

The Oxford English Dictionary offers an etymology of the word "crufty" and cites usage in Jamaica, where the word meant rough, coarse-looking or scabby, perhaps acting as a modified version of "scruffy".

Software

The FreeBSD handbook uses the term to refer to leftover or superseded object code that accumulates in a folder or directory when software is recompiled and new executables and data files produced.[6] Such cruft, if required for the new executables to work properly, can cause the BSD equivalent of dependency hell.[7] The word is also used to describe instances of unnecessary, leftover or just poorly written source code in a computer program that is then uselessly, or even harmfully, compiled into object code.[8]

Cruft accumulation may result in technical debt, which can subsequently make adding new features or modifying existing features—even to improve performance—more difficult and time-consuming.

In the context of Internet or Web addresses (Uniform Resource Locators or "URLs"), cruft refers to the characters that are relevant or meaningful only to the people who created the site, such as implementation details of the computer system which serves the page. Examples of URL cruft include filename extensions such as .php or .html, and internal organizational details such as /public/ or /Users/john/work/drafts/.[9]

Computer hardware

Cruft may also refer to unused and out-of-date computer paraphernalia, collected through upgrading, inheritance, or simple acquisition, both deliberate and through circumstance.[5] This accumulated hardware, however, often has benefit when IT systems administrators, technicians, and the like have need for critical replacement parts. An unused machine or component similar to a production unit could allow near-immediate restoration of the failed unit, as opposed to waiting for a shipped replacement.

See also

References
  1. Levy, Steven (2010). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (25th Anniversary ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. 8. ISBN 9781449393748.
  2. Samson, Peter (2005) [June 1959]. "AN ABRIDGED DICTIONARY of the TMRC LANGUAGE". Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  3. "Speaking MITese". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  4. "Bronze Tablet Erected in Cruft Memorial Laboratory". thecrimson.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  5. "crufty". The Jargon File, version 4.4.7.
  6. "20.4.16.6. What do I do if something goes wrong?". FreeBSD Handbook (3rd ed.). Retrieved 2007-08-18.
  7. "A nice picture of (dependency) hell" (blog). disfunksioneel. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  8. "Cruft". TechTarget. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  9. Berners-Lee, Tim (1998). "Hypertext Style: Cool URIs don't change". W3C Style. Retrieved 2007-08-18. What makes a cool URI? / A cool URI is one which does not change. / What sorts of URI change? / URIs don't change: people change them.
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