Croton gratissimus

Croton gratissimus (commonly known as lavender croton or lavender fever berry[2]), is a tropical African shrub or small tree with corky bark, growing to 8 m and belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae or spurges. Young twigs are slender and angular and covered in silver and rust-coloured scales.

Croton gratissimus
Dormant flower buds
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Croton
Species:
C. gratissimus
Binomial name
Croton gratissimus
Synonyms[1]
  • Oxydectes gratissima (Burch.) Kuntze

The species occurs in Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe and the northern parts of South Africa.[3] It is often found in rocky terrain.

Description

The crushed, slender-petioled leaves are pleasingly and distinctively fragrant with an aromatic oil reminiscent of sweet flag. The leaves are strikingly silver on the under surface and dotted with brown glands. The inflorescence is a yellow-flowered raceme up to 10 cm long and borne terminally. Rust-coloured flower buds, which are present throughout winter, open after the first rains.[4] The fruit is a 3-lobed capsule, about 10 mm in diameter and densely scaly. The tree's bark yields the toxalbumin crotin and the diterpene crotonin.

Nomenclature

The intrepid naturalist William John Burchell came across Croton gratissimus for the first time on 19 June 1812. He had camped at a spring called Klipfontein "embosomed in rocky mountains". These 'mountains' are the hills immediately above the present-day Olifantshoek. He described the plant as "a handsome bushy shrub from four to seven foot high, closely resembling a species peculiar to Madagascar" - the species he had in mind being Croton farinosus. His Latin description praises it as 'frutex pulcherrimus' - 'most beautiful shrub'.[5]

'Maquassi' is believed to be a Bushman name for this species and the small town of Makwassie is named after it. Boegoeberg in the Northern Cape is also derived from one of the plant's common names, Bergboegoe.[6]

Croton is a genus of some 600 widely distributed tropical and sub-tropical species. The name 'croton' is Greek for a sheep-tick to which the seed bears a resemblance.

Uses

The Bantu and Bushmen use extracts from the bark of this species for a host of medicinal purposes. It is traditionally used as a febrifuge, styptic, cathartic, and a remedy for dropsy, indigestion, pleurisy, uterine disorders, rheumatism and intercostal neuralgia.[7] Leaves are used as perfume; contains aromatic oils; sporadically browsed by elephants and kudu.[8]

Varieties
  • Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus
  • Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus (Prain) Burtt Davy – Hairy lavender croton

The second variety has stellate (or radiating) hairs on the upper leaf surfaces, and is found in Zimbabwe, Botswana and far northern South Africa.[2]

See also
Bark
Flowers
Habit & habitat

References
  1. "Croton gratissimus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  2. Dlamini, Mhlonishwa D. "Croton gratissimus Burch". PlantZAfrica.com. SANBI. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  3. "Croton gratissimus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  4. "Flora of Zimbabwe: Species information: Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus". www.zimbabweflora.co.zw. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
  5. Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa - William J. Burchell (1824)
  6. Medicinal Plants of South Africa - van Wyk et al.
  7. Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa - Watt & Brandwijk (1962)
  8. Piet van Wyk's Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park, Struik Publishers, Cape Town, second impression 1992, ISBN 1 86825 107 1,
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