Crataerina pallida

Crataerina pallida
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Hippoboscidae
Genus:	Crataerina
Species:	C. pallida
Binomial name
	Crataerina pallida; (Olivier in Latreille, 1812)
Synonyms
	C. kirbyanum (Leach, 1817); Ornithomyia pallida Olivier, 1812; Oxypterum kirbyanum Leach, 1817;

Crataerina pallida, the swift lousefly, is a species of biting fly in the family of louse flies Hippoboscidae. These flies are commonly encountered in the nests of the common swift (Apus apus) in Europe and Asia.[1]

The lousefly spends its entire life cycle associated with swifts. The adult lousefly produce larvae in the late summer months which then pupate and lie dormant during the winter months inside the vacated swift nest. These parasites have highly aggregated population distribution and high levels of host prevalence. The adult fly then hatch out in spring when the first swift eggs are laid, by the returning adults, and feed on the blood of the nestlings and the adults, sucking about 25 mg of blood every 5 days. They can be a serious pest of adult and nestling swifts.

Crataerina pallida is vertically transmitted ectoparasite, in that it is passed from parent host on to offspring. C. pallida are relatively benign, because their own species fitness will depend on successful reproduction of swifts. Evidence suggests that C. pallida had little if any effect on nestling growth or fledging success rate.[2]

Eggs of the common swift (Apus apus) and (below) pupae of Crataerina pallida

References

Hutson, A.M. (1984). Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. 10 pt 7. Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 84 pp.
Tompkins D. M.; Jones T.; Clayton D. H. (1996). "Effect of vertically transmitted ctoparasites on the reproductive success of Swifts (Apus apus)". Functional Ecology. Oxford. 10 (6): 733–740pp. doi:10.2307/2390508. ISSN 0269-8463. JSTOR 2390508.

External links

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[1] Hutson, A.M. (1984). Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. 10 pt 7. Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 84 pp.

[2] Tompkins D. M.; Jones T.; Clayton D. H. (1996). "Effect of vertically transmitted ctoparasites on the reproductive success of Swifts (Apus apus)". Functional Ecology. Oxford. 10 (6): 733–740pp. doi:10.2307/2390508. ISSN 0269-8463. JSTOR 2390508.