Cranshaws Castle

Cranshaws Castle or Cranshaws Tower is a privately owned 15th-century pele situated by the village of Cranshaws in Berwickshire, Scotland. The building is still in use as a residence, and is protected as a category A listed building.[1]

Cranshaws Castle
Cranshaws Castle
Coordinates55.8484°N 2.5094°W / 55.8484; -2.5094
Listed Building – Category A
Designated9 June 1971
Reference no.LB4093
Location in the Scottish Borders

History

The lands of Cranshaws were originally part of the Barony of Bothwell,[2] which barony was created for David Olifard (ancestor of the current chief of the Oliphants)[3][4] by King Malcolm IV in the mid 12th century.[5] Occupancy (typically, this would have been a feu - the superiority remaining with the Barony of Bothwell) was then granted to a younger Olifard son, with whose line the estate remained for some centuries.[6]

In 1329, the senior representative of the younger line but now 7th chief, William Oliphant, Lord of Aberdalgie, died and amongst the properties which he left was Cranshaws, which he had inherited from his Olifard forebears.[3][6]

In 1336/7, William Olyphant’s lands of Cranschawes and Hatherwick (Hedderwick) were in the hands of Edward III., on account of this William’s forfeiture.

In the meantime, the Barony of Bothwell passed in 1252 by marriage to the Morays on the extinction of the senior line of Oliphants.[7] In 1362 Joanna de Moravia, heiress of Bothwell, married Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas. Their son and heir was Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas (1372–1424).

In 1401 Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas bestowed Cranshaws upon Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk whom the Earl calls "dilectus consanguineus nostra" (our beloved cousin).,[8][9][10] thus dispossessing the Oliphants. Following Swinton's death at the Battle of Homildon Hill the following year, the lands passed to his son Sir John Swinton, 15th of that Ilk, who is thought to have built the existing castle (it is not known what kind of building the Oliphants had).

In 1403/4, the Earl of Dunbar and March was stripped of his Scottish lands, much of which were given to Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas.[11] In 1409 the Earl of Dunbar was restored to his Earldom of March[12][13] and it is probable that the Earl of Douglas attempted to transfer the superiority of Cranshaws to the Earldom of March some time before that date.

In 1435-6 Cranshaws was forfeited by the Earl of March but no record has survived of Cranshaws being connected to the Earldom of Dunbar and March before this date[14] Circa 1460 there was a protracted battle for the superiority of Cranshaws which was being claimed for the Earldom of March.

The effective removal of the Cranshaws estate from the Oliphants without compensation or consent was the start of a dispute which lasted most of the 15th century:

1412 there is a charter of the lands of Cranshawes, wherein Walter (Oliphant), is called Lord of Aberdalgie.[15]

1442: Sir John Oliphant was retoured heir to his grandfather in the lands of Cranshaws, his sasine thereon was taken Feb. 28, 1442/3 and was formally broken the next day by Sir John Swinton of that Ilk who also claimed these lands.

1464: there was an inquest over the dispute of ownership between Swinton and Lord Oliphant.[16]

1474: Lord Oliphant petitioned the courts for ownership of Cranshaws [17]

1476: Lord Oliphant has indenture with Alexander, duke of Albany (and Earl of March) to pay 30 years "non entry" since the death of his father, Sir John Oliphant for the lands of Cranshaws. It goes on to say that no agreement to be entered into with Sir Johne of Swyntoune nor with any others of his name without special permission of the said duke, and then with payment to the duke of 1000 merks within 40 days; the duke gives Lord Oliphant permission to pursue Sir Johne of Swyntoune and his heirs and any others who have taken up "malis" from the lands of Cranschaws since the decease of Sir John Oliphant [18]

1476: Lord Oliphant claiming rights, "raided" Cranshaws, "stealing" oxen & horses.

The castle was re-acquired by another branch of the Douglas family, the Earls of Morton in the 18th century[19] and there were extensive renovations carried out by George Douglas, 13th Earl of Morton (1662–1738).

The building was restored in 1896/97 by Andrew Smith of Whitchester and in 1931 passed to his nephew Stenhard Landale FRSE.[20]

Construction

A rectangular keep, the castle has four storeys and rounded corners. The castle originally would have had a defensive barmkin of which there is no remnant. Its crenellated parapet is thought to have been built in the late 19th century when the castle had been sold on by the Mortons.

Literature and folklore

Cranshaws Castle is thought to be the inspiration for "Ravenswood Castle", the home of Edgar, hero of Sir Walter Scott's tragedy The Bride of Lammermoor.[21] It is also supposed to be inhabited by a Brownie.[22]

References

Notes
  1. Historic Environment Scotland. "Cranshaws Castle including Sundial, Covered Well and Garden Walls  (Category A Listed Building) (LB4093)". Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  2. Scots Peerage, vol. vi. p. 528
  3. The Red Book of Perthshire, by Gordon MacGregor Archived 2016-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Burke’s Peerage & Baronetage; 107th edition
  5. The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh ... By G. W. S. Barrow.
  6. Scots Peerage, vol. vi. p. 534
  7. CAMBUSLANG: SOME NOTES ON ITS EARLY LORDS—THE BARONS OF DRUMSARGARD, AND OTHER LANDOWNERS. BY JOSEPH BAIN, F.S.A.SCOT.
  8. Topographical Dictionary of Scotland: Comprising the Several Counties ... By Samuel Lewis
  9. Caledonia, Or an Account, Historical and Topographical, of North Britain ... By George Chalmers
  10. Fraser, vol i p.364
  11. Archibald Douglas, 4th earl of Douglas, Scottish military officer Written by: The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica
  12. Caledonia, Or an Account, Historical and Topographic, of North ..., Volume 2 By George Chalmers
  13. The History of Scotland, containing all the historical transactions of that ... By David SCOTT (Historian.) P. 223
  14. THE ACTS OF THE EARLS OF DUNBAR RELATING TO SCOTLAND c. 1124 - c. 1289: A STUDY OF LORDSHIP IN SCOTLAND IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES Elsa Catherine Hamilton, M. A. University of Glasgow
  15. The Oliphants in Scotland, with a selection of original documents from the charter chest at Gask. Edited by J. Anderson.
  16. The house of Cockburn of that ilk and the cadets thereof
  17. NRS GD12/49
  18. GD12/58 NRS
  19. From the Bloody Heart: The Stewarts and the Douglases By Oliver Thomson
  20. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-368000-660000/page/5
  21. Groome, vol i p.260
  22. Coventry, p.133

Sources
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