Cornelius Atherton

Cornelius Atherton (1737–1809),[1] was an iron manufacturer, a gunmaker [2] for the American Revolutionary War[3][4] and an inventor.

Cornelius Atherton
BornMay 8, 1737[1]
Harvard, Massachusetts
DiedDecember 4, 1809
Afton, New York
NationalityAmerican
OccupationIron manufacturer, inventor and gun maker

Early life

He was the son of John Atherton of Harvard. His mother was Mary Sawyer (born Sep 11, 1714),the daughter of James Cornet Sawyer [5] and Mary Prescott. His parents had married on May 25, 1735.

His paternal great-grandfather was James Atherton (1654-1718) of Lancaster, Massachusetts.

His great-great grandfather James Atherton, who emigrated to America, was one of the founders of Lancaster, Massachusetts. He was buried in Sherborn, Massachusetts in 1710.

Career

Atherton was a blacksmith by trade and was the first to forge steel in Colonial America. He made the first pair of clothier sheers in America. [6] The aftermath of the battle meant that Atherton and his family had to leave the area for their safety.[7][8] A chronology of his career is below:

Dover Iron Works (1763)

Atherton relocated to Amenia, NY to erect the Dover Iron Works under his superintendency. The works were erected and proved to be a success.[9] He was also a gun maker.

In 1769 he relocated temporarily to Boston after entering into a partnership with Samuel Adams, John Adams and John Hancock and experimented for the first time in steel. [10] John Hancock's signature would become the most prominent on the United States Declaration of Independence.

Superintendent of the Armory in Boston, Massachusetts (1769)

The Massachusetts Convention of Towns sat during September 22–29, 1768. Samuel Adams, and John Hancock, wanted to organize an armed local resistance. In 1769 Atherton left Amenia, NY, for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he superintended an armoury belonging to John Adams, Samuel Adams and John Hancock and commenced the manufacture of cutlery and firearms. The site was burned down after operating just 6 months by an incendiary, likely to have been placed by British troops who were quartered in Boston, since the colonial authorities suspected their patriotic intentions arming the local population during the time of the Boston Massacre.

In 1770 he returned to Amenia and announced in the local paper that he would be serving the Great Nine Partners Patent area. [11]

Converting Iron into American Steel (1772)

Atherton discovered the process of converting iron into ‘American steel’ [12]

He became closely involved in the first large scale production of "American Steel"[13][14] in 1772.

Dover Iron Works (1772)

Atherton enters into a contract with James and Ezra Reed, merchants of Amenia, to superintend the erection of steel works, to be constructed by them, and to instruct their workmen in the art of making steel. The works were erected at the site of Dover Iron Works and were subsequently used to produce muskets for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.[15][16][17]

Siege of New York (1775)

Atherton played a role in preparing for the siege of New York.[18][19] In November 1775 Atherton in his role as a gunsmith in Amenia, NY concluded an agreement with Alexander McDougall and Peter Curtenius of the City of New York, acting with authority of the Provincial Congress of the Colony of New York.

Steel Works in Amenia, New York (1776)

Whilst engaged at the Dover Steel Works, during September, he petitions the New York Council for an exemption from military duty for his workmen, whilst engaged in the manufacture of firearms whilst under his contract with Congress. [20]

Cornelius Atherton & the treason of Benedict Arnold (1780)

On September 21, 1780, during the American Revolution, American General Benedict Arnold met with British Major John Andre to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of a large sum of money and a high position in the British army. The plot was foiled and Arnold, a former American hero, became synonymous with the word “traitor.”

His son Cornelius Jr recounted the incident:[21]

“I was informed by my mother years ago, when I was a young man, that on his learning the British ship Vulture was anchored in the river below West Point, my father Cornelius Atherton, with another man (name forgotten) went to a Colonel Livingston, in command of a small battery , five or six miles below West Point, asking him to send a small detachment up on the Heights, and drive the Vulture away, but the Colonel dare not weaken his small force. He finally gave them a twelve pound carronade and two gunners, with ammunition a plenty. In a short time they had their gun in position on the highland banks, within easy range of the Vulture and perfectly safe from her guns. After trying a cold short a few times without effect they improvised a furnace and made the balls red hot, and at the first fire struck a red hot ball in the deck of the vessel. A second and third were equally successful. She cast her cable and took her way down river, out of the way of the guns on the heights. This I believe to be a true statement of the cause of Major Andre’s capture, and saving West Point from falling into the hands of the British. Cornelius Atherton”

Colonel James Livingston of the 1st Canadian Regiment was in command of Verplanck's Point on the Hudson River in September 1780, and played a crucial role in the unmasking of Benedict Arnold's treachery. While on guard duty, his troops fired on the British sloop of war HMS Vulture (1776), forcing that vessel to retreat southwards. This ship had brought Major John André to meet with General Benedict Arnold, who was then in command at West Point, New York. Since the ship was driven off, André was forced to attempt travel by land to New York, when he was captured not far from the British lines near Tarrytown with incriminating papers in his possession. André was hanged as a spy, and Arnold, his plot discovered, managed to escape to the British lines.

Return to Pennsylvania (1782)

He returns to his family and relocates with them to Keyser Creek. He lived on a hill overlooking the creek. The area today is known as Taylor, Pennsylvania.

Timeline of key events during his lifetime

1750 - The Iron Act was passed with the aim of eliminating the import duty on colonial pig iron. However it barred the manufacture of steel or of iron plate in the colonies. The law was widely ignored by colonial governments.

1774 - Colonists establish the First Continental Congress, as Great Britain closes down Boston Harbor and deploys troops in Massachusetts

1775 - American Revolution: George Washington leads Continental Army to fight against British rule

1776 - At least 80 iron furnaces throughout the American colonies were producing about as much iron as Great Britain. See History of the iron and steel industry in the United States

1776 - Declaration of Independence endorsed by Congress; colonies declare independence on July, 4

1778 - Battle of Wyoming; his firstborn is killed

1781 - Rebel states form loose confederation after defeating the British at the Battle of Yorktown

1783 - Great Britain accepts loss of colonies by virtue of Treaty of Paris

1787 - Founding Fathers draw up new constitution for United States of America. Constitution comes into effect in 1788

1789 - George Washington elected first president of USA

1791 - Bill of Rights guarantees individual freedom

1803 - France sells Louisiana territories to USA

Personal Chronology

1755 - His father John dies on September 20 in Harvard, Worcester, Massachusetts, aged 46

1760 - He marries Margaret “Mary” Delano (b. Jun 4th, 1744); the daughter of Jonathan and Mary Delano in Dartmouth, Massachusetts.

1761 - Birth of his eldest son Jabez. They have 8 further children together.

1763 - Atherton relocated to Amenia, NY.

1775 - He relocated with his family to Plymouth, Pennsylvania where he worked in his trade. He already had relatives living in Wyoming, Pennsylvania.[22] James Atherton was one of the first settlers there in 1763 (from Connecticut); likely to be either a cousin or uncle. Some sources have incorrectly referred to James Atherton being his father.[23]

1778 - His eldest son, Jebez dies in the Battle of Wyoming on July 3. Atherton had been drafted at the time of the Battle of Wyoming, but his place was filled by his eldest son, Jabez, who volunteered to become his substitute, and was accepted and mustered in as a private. Jebez heads the list on the Wyoming Monument. [24] [25] The aftermath of the battle meant that Atherton and his family had to leave the area for their safety.[26]

1780 - Patriotic duties in the city of New York And surrounding area.

1782 - He moved onto Keyser Creek. He lived on a hill overlooking the creek [27] The area today is known as Taylor, Pennsylvania.

1786 - His wife Mary dies. He remarries the same year to Jane Johnson (1767-1848) and they have 7 children together.

1790 - Atherton is recognized as the founder of the borough of Taylor. He is recorded as living there in the first US Census of 1790.[28]

1800 - He is recorded in the census as living in Exeter, Pennsylvania.

1803 - He relocates to South Bainbridge, now known as Afton, New York, leaving all his adult children behind in Pennsylvania, who by now had either married or were land owners. [29] He continues his trade of work until his death.

Death

Atherton died on December 4, 1809, aged 73. [1] He was buried at Vallonia Springs Cemetery in Colesville, New York. [30] His wife Jane died on August 13, 1848 and was buried in the same cemetery, which is located in an isolated field.[31]

Family

Children of Atherton and Mary Delano
  • Jebez Atherton (1761-1778) born in NY. He was a Private in the Revolutionary War and was killed in the Battle of Wyoming, also known as the Wyoming Massacre, aged 16.[32][33]
  • Eleazer Augustus Atherton, Sr., born December 1764 in NY;[35] died March 3, 1852 in Taylor, PA. [34]
  • Elisha Atherton, born c. 1765. He married Martha Delaney.
  • Mary (Polly) Atherton, born c. 1765 in PA; died c. 1829.
  • Parthenia Atherton, born Bet. 1765 - 1771; died September 24, 1845.
  • Prudence Atherton, born 1772. She married Raynesford Hoyt.

and 2 others that did not reach adulthood.

Children of Atherton and Jane Johnston/Johnson
  • Humphrey Atherton (1787-1849). Born in Luzerne, Pennsylvania on July 20th, 1791; he was a miller. He married and died without issue in Afton, NY on December 11, 1849, aged 62.
  • Angelina Atherton Church (1791-1847). Born Jan 27th, 1791; died July 15, 1847. She married Col. Ira Church.
  • Charles Atherton (1793-1869). Born in Luzerne on May 23, 1783. He was a blacksmith. He married Experience Bramhall, and relocated to Friendship, Allegany Co., where he worked at his trade several years, till the death of his wife, when he sold his property and went with a friend to Emporium, PA, where he died May 13, 1869, aged 76. He had no children.
  • Hiram Atherton (1796-1870). Born in Luzerne on Jun 16, 1796. He married Lovina Sisson, of Plymouth, and followed his trade of wagon-maker a few years in Afton, NY and subsequently for several years in Norwich, from whence he removed to Greene, and engaged in the cabinet business, which he pursued till his death, March 19, 1870, aged 73. They had five children.
  • Christina Atherton Clapper (1799-1842). Born Jan 8, 1799; died January 24, 1842.
  • William J. Atherton (1802-1879). Born May 25, 1802; died August 2, 1879 in Patterson, NJ. He was a shoemaker. He married Jane E. Hamlin and had two children, both of whom died in infancy. They relocated to Paterson, NJ, where he died on August 2, 1879, aged 77.
  • Cornelius Atherton Jnr (1805-1881). Born in New York on December 7, 1805. He lived in Afton and died October 10, 1881. He was appointed as the first postmaster of Afton, New York in 1855.[36] He had one son, William Monroe Atherton (1855-1905) who was a telegraph operator on the Baltimore & Ohio R. R, and who died in Chicago but was buried in Indiana. Cornelius Atherton Jnr was present at the Centenary of the Wyoming Massacre.[37]

Other family relationships

His sisters married his future business partners.

Lois Atherton, sister of Cornelius Atherton married Dr Reuben Allerton painted by Ammi Phillips; American artist (1788–1865)

His nephew was Cornelius Allerton. [38]

Discrepancies

Some sources state that his first wife was from Tolland, CT. They also incorrectly state that she died in 1774. However she was alive when their oldest son Jebez was killed in the 1778 Battle of Wyoming,[39] although very sickly. Once widowed, Atherton married Jane Johnson. [40]

Various obituaries stated that he was the fourth in descent from Major Gen. Humphrey Atherton of Boston. [41] Other discrepancies by late 19th biographers, followed by a submission to the Daughters of the American Revolution in the 20th century refer to Cambridge, Massachusetts, as his birthplace. However contemporary researchers have identified Harvard, Worcester, Massachusetts as his birthplace, due to ease of access to birth and church records. Confusion is likely to have arisen due to his association with both Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, through his work. Incorrect birthdate listed as February 5, 1736 for which there is no evidence. He was born in May 1737.

Biographers
  • Three John Chamberlains and Cornelius Atherton by Katherine Kemnitz. ISBN 069278456X
  • Oscar Jewel Harvey, The History of Wilkes-Barre and Wyoming Valley

References
  1. "Cornelius ATHERTON b. 1736 Harvard, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA d. 4 Dec 1809 Colesville, Broome, New York, USA". atherton.one-name.net.
  2. "willamette review - record of Atherton being a pistol maker at a time when most were imported from England" (PDF).
  3. "Contract with Cornelius Atherton, of Amenia Precinct, in Dutchess County, for mailing Muskets and Bayonets, approved by Congress | Northern Illinois University Digital Library". digital.lib.niu.edu.
  4. Reed, Newton (March 13, 2010). Early History of Amenia. Applewood Books. ISBN 9781429023108 – via Google Books.
  5. "Sawyers of Lancaster,MA".
  6. "Nearest surviving relative - half brother of his firstborn, Jebez Atherton present at Centenary of Wyoming Massacre".
  7. "The Scranton Republican, Pennsylvania - Apr 1, 1874 - Page 3".
  8. Hayden, Horace Edwin; Hand, Alfred; Jordan, John Woolf (1906). "Genealogical and Family History of the Wyoming and Lackawanna - Vol 2, edited by Horace Edwin Hayden, Alfred Hand, John Woolf Jordan".
  9. "Bulletin, Volume 4 by Building Trades Employers Association". 1903.
  10. French, Lester Gray (1902). "Machinery, Vol 9 edited by Lester Gray French".
  11. "The Hartford Courant, Connecticut page 3 - August 27 1770".
  12. French, Lester Gray (1902). "Machinery, Vol 9 edited by Lester Gray French".
  13. "Biography of Atherton, Cornelius".
  14. French, Lester Gray (1902). "Machinery, Vol 9 edited by Lester Gray French".
  15. "Clipped From The Bourbon News". June 5, 1903. p. 6 – via newspapers.com.
  16. "William G Pomeroy Steelworks Foundation-Reference to C Atherton making muskets for the Continental Army and requesting exemption from military service".
  17. Franklin Benjamin Hough (1872). Origin of the Wassaic Iron works; extracted from Gazetteer of the State of New York: Embracing a Comprehensive Account of the ... ISBN 9781404751118.
  18. "Preparations for siege of New York - Contract with Cornelius Atherton, of Amenia Precinct, in Dutchess County, for mailing Muskets and Bayonets, approved by Congress". Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  19. "Daughters of the American Revolution - Ancestor# A003547". Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  20. "Amenia Early History".
  21. "Notes and Queries, Historical, Biographical and Genealogical, Relating Chiefly to Interior Pennsylvania". 1896.
  22. "Wyoming Bible of James Atherton of Lancaster, MA then Sharon, CT and then Pennsylvania". 1920.
  23. Newton Reed (1874). "Early History of Amenia".
  24. "1 Apr 1874, 3 - The Scranton Republican at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com.
  25. "Nearest surviving relative - half brother of Jebez Atherton present at Centenary of Wyoming Massacre".
  26. "The Scranton Republican, Pennsylvania - Apr 1, 1874 - Page 3".
  27. Margo L. Azzarelli (2010), Taylor, Arcadia Publishing, pp. 7, 9, 130, ISBN 9780738572567
  28. "Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Pennsylvania". U.S. Government Printing Office. June 13, 1908 – via Google Books.
  29. "Bulletin, Volume 4 by Building Trades Employers Association". 1903.
  30. "Bulletin, Volume 4 by Building Trades Employers Association". 1903.
  31. "Cornelius Atherton Findagrave Entry".
  32. "Historical Record ...: The Early History of Wyoming Valley and Contiguous Territory ..." Press of the Wilkesbarre Record. June 13, 1899 – via Google Books.
  33. "HISTORICAL ADDRESS at the WYOMING MONUMENT, July 3, 1878 on the 100th Anniversary of the BATTLE AND MASSACRE OF WYOMING by Steuben Jenkins Wilkes-Barre".
  34. "History – Taylor Borough". taylorborough.com.
  35. Hayden, Horace Edwin; Hand, Alfred; Jordan, John Woolf (1906). "Genealogical and Family History of the Wyoming and Lackawanna - Vol 2, edited by Horace Edwin Hayden, Alfred Hand, John Woolf Jordan".
  36. Smith, James Hadden (1880). "History of Chenango and Madison Counties, New York - Part by James Hadden Smith".
  37. "Nearest surviving relative - half brother of Jebez Atherton present at Centenary of Wyoming Massacre".
  38. "Painting of Cornelius Allerton, nephew of Cornelius Atherton".
  39. "Nearest surviving relative - half brother of Jebez Atherton present at Centenary of Wyoming Massacre".
  40. Hayden, Horace Edwin; Hand, Alfred; Jordan, John Woolf (1906). "Genealogical and Family History of the Wyoming and Lackawanna - Vol 2, edited by Horace Edwin Hayden, Alfred Hand, John Woolf Jordan".
  41. "Cornelius Atherton obit". July 6, 1903. p. 3 – via newspapers.com.
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