Contract manufacturing organization

A contract manufacturing organization (CMO), sometimes called a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO), is a company that serves other companies in the pharmaceutical industry on a contract basis to provide comprehensive services from drug development through drug manufacturing.[1] This allows major pharmaceutical companies to outsource those aspects of the business, which can help with scalability or can allow the major company to focus on drug discovery and drug marketing instead.

Services offered by CMOs include, but are not limited to: pre-formulation, formulation development, stability studies, method development, pre-clinical and Phase I clinical trial materials, late-stage clinical trial materials, formal stability, scale-up, registration batches and commercial production. CMOs are contract manufacturers, but they can also be more than that because of the development aspect.

Their customers are not only expecting competitive pricing but also regulatory compliance, flexibility on the production capability and on time delivery. Overall it is required that CMO complies with good manufacturing practice from their client and regulatory bodies such as Food and Drug Administration.[2]

Overview

The pharmaceutical market uses outsourcing services from providers in the form of contract research organizations (CROs) and contract manufacturing organizations. In recent years, the concept of a comprehensive single-source provider from drug development through commercial manufacture has emerged. This concept has been implemented by providers known today as contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs).

CMOs are a response to the competitive international nature of the pharmaceutical market as well as the increasing demand for outsourced services.[3] The best-positioned service providers focus on a specific technology or dosage form and promote end-to-end continuity and efficiency for their outsourcing clients. With lower-cost international manufacturers capturing an increasing percentage of the contract manufacturing market, specialization may be an effective hedge against loss of market share.[4]

History

Before the financial crisis of 2007–2008, 75% of the candidate that outsourced services were small and mid-sized biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.[5] Following the financial crash in 2008 the CMO industry started to be funded by private equity as a result of a substantial growth and a more qualified management.[6] The one-stop CDMO concept could be the direction the industry is heading by offering the whole spectrum of development services (e.g. development, production and analysis).[7]

The acquisitions that have been finalized in 2017 in CMO and CDMO industry brought some of these companies to a level that allows them to compete with global bio/pharma companies. The value of the mergers and acquisitions in 2017 was likely to exceed $20 billion, below are some examples of these M&A:[8]

Another aspect of these acquisition is coming from CMO that are acquiring manufacturing site from bio/pharma companies. In 2017, Pfizer established a manufacturing site in Liscate, Italy, which was followed that same year by AstraZeneca in Reims, France.[9][10][11][12][13][14] Novartis Sandoz acquired a site in Boucherville, Canada in 2018, as well as Glaxo Smith Kline, which began manufacturing out of South Carolina in the United States.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Samsung Biologics built three manufacturing plants with a capacity of more than 360,000 liters, making it the world's largest contract-based manufacturer in the biopharmaceutical sector at a single site as of 2018.[23][24]

The industry is active at aiming to be a larger scale suppliers in the CMO environment but the number of attractive acquisition is limited[8]

Advantages

The bio/pharma companies used to build and staff dedicated manufacturing capacities for drugs in development only to see them cancelled if the product failed in Phase III of clinical research; working with a CMO limits that financial risk.[6][25]

Disadvantages

The pharmaceutical client using the services of a CMO does not have direct control of the project in regard to scheduling, cost, quality, or accountability. Data security is an issue to be considered when selecting a CMO, as intellectual property and other proprietary data are exchanged between client and service provider.

One of the major risk remains in the lack of control over the CMO's compliance for the client, for example when an FDA warning letter is issued, a resulting interruption of production may result in major delay or interruption of shipping. The rise of the CMO industry led to an increase of inspectors from various divisions of the Food and Drug Administration (e.g.: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research or Center for Drug Evaluation and Research).[2]

See also

References
  1. Contract Pharma. Contract Pharma. Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
  2. "CMOs – Speeding Biopharmaceutical Development". BioProcess International. 2015-08-24. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  3. Taylor, Phil. “Outsourcing of production gaining pace in big pharma” (), Outsourcing Pharma.com, May 27, 2008. Retrieved 7-3-08.
  4. Spurgeon, Tom. “Continuity and Connectivity: We Can Do That, Too” “(subtitle) Are CDMOs the Next Big Thing?” (), Contract Pharma, March 2008:70–74. Retrieved 7-3-08.
  5. Miller, Jim. "Sizing Up the CDMO Market". www.pharmtech.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  6. "The golden age of the CDMO: a retrospective with Jim Miller – Pharmaceutical Technology". Pharmaceutical Technology. 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  7. "From CMO to CDMO: Opportunities for Specializing and Innovation – BioProcess International". BioProcess International. 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  8. Miller, Jim. "CDMO Acquisitions Build Strategic Supplier Base". www.biopharminternational.com. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  9. Insight, Nice. "Avara Pharmaceutical Services acquires Sterile facility from Pfizer in Italy". Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  10. "Avara Acquires Sterile Facility from Pfizer in Italy". Contract Pharma. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  11. "Avara Acquires Sterile Facility From Pfizer In Italy | BioSpace". BioSpace. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  12. "Avara Acquires Secondary Solid Dosage Form Manufacturing, Packaging And Distribution Facility From AstraZeneca PLC In France | BioSpace". BioSpace. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  13. "Avara Acquires AstraZeneca Facility in France". Contract Pharma. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  14. "Avara Pharmaceutical buys AstraZeneca's Reims solid dosage facility – Pharmaceutical Technology". Pharmaceutical Technology. 2017-10-09. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  15. "Avara Pharmaceutical to buy Novartis's production plant in Canada". Pharmaceutical Technology. 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  16. "Avara Acquires Sterile Mfg. Facility in Canada". Contract Pharma. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  17. "Avara Pharmaceutical Services Acquires Major Sterile Manufacturing Facility and Development Center in Canada | BioSpace". BioSpace. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  18. Insight, Nice. "Avara Pharmaceutical Services Acquires Major Sterile Manufacturing Facility and Development Center in Canada". Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  19. Insight, Nice. "Avara Pharmaceutical Services Finalizes Acquisition of GSK Secondary Manufacturing and Packaging Facility in South Carolina". Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  20. "Avara Acquires GSK Facility". Contract Pharma. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  21. "Avara Pharmaceutical Services Finalizes Acquisition of GSK Consumer Healthcare facility in South Carolina | BioSpace". BioSpace. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  22. Insight, Nice. "Avara Acquires New OTC Solid Dose Capacity in South Carolina". Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  23. "Samsung BioLogics annual sales up 30% on contract research growth". Korea Biomedical Review.
  24. "Samsung Biologics to add new contract drug-making plant". The Korea Times.
  25. "Two-thirds of pharmaceutical manufacturing is outsourced; preferred providers pick up largest share". Pharmaceutical Processing. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.