Contour (linguistics)
In phonetics, contour describes speech sounds which behave as single segments, but which make an internal transition from one quality, place, or manner to another. These sounds may be tones, vowels, or consonants.
Many tone languages have contour tones, which move from one level to another. For example, Mandarin Chinese has four lexical tones. The high tone is level, without contour; the falling tone is a contour from high pitch to low; the rising tone a contour from mid pitch to high, and, when spoken in isolation, the low tone takes on a dipping contour, mid to low and then to high pitch. These are transcribed with series of either diacritics or tone letters, which with proper font support fuse into an iconic shape: [ma˨˩˦].
In the case of vowels, the terms diphthong and triphthong are used instead of 'contour'. These are vowels that glide from one place of articulation to another, as in English boy and bow. These are officially transcribed with a non-syllabic sign under one of the vowel letters: [bɔɪ̯], [baʊ̯], though when there is no chance of confusion, the diacritic is often left off for simplicity.
The most common contour consonants by far are the affricates, such as English ch and j. These start out as one manner, a stop, and release into a different manner, a fricative, but behave as single consonants: [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ]. Other types of transition are attested in consonants, such as prenasalized stops in many African languages and nasal release in Slavic languages, the retroflex trill [ɽr] of Toda, the trilled affricate [ʈ͡r] of Fijian, voicing contours [d͡tʰ], [ɡ͡k͡xʼ] in ǃXóõ,[1] and even click contours (airstream contours) in Khoisan languages such as Nǁng, which start with a lingual (velaric) airstream mechanism and release with either a pulmonic mechanism (linguo-pulmonic clicks such as [ǃ͡q], [ǂ͡χ]) or an ejective mechanism (linguo-glottalic clicks such as [ǃʼ], [ǂ͡χʼ]).
| Transition in | Example | Where found |
|---|---|---|
| Tone | [ma˨˩˦] | China, Southeast Asia, Liberia, Khoisan languages |
| Vowels | ||
| Place | diphthongs | worldwide |
| Nasalization | [aũ] | |
| Phonation | [ḁ₎], [a ̰] | |
| Consonants | ||
| Manner | affricates | worldwide |
| nasalization | Africa, New Guinea, Slavic languages | |
| trilled | Wari, Toda, Malagasy | |
| Voicing | [d͡tʰ], [₍s̬] | Khoisan languages |
| Airstream | [ǃ͡q] | Khoisan languages |
| Place | [s͢θ] | sliding articulation in disordered speech |
References
- Miller (2003) believes that !Xoo [d͡tʰ] is phonemically breathy-voiced /dʱ/ and that the devoicing is due to a wider glottis than is the case in for example Hindustani. The nature of the voiced ejectives is unclear.