Concordia German Evangelical Church and Rectory

Concordia German Evangelical Church and Rectory, also known as Concordia United Church of Christ and Rectory is a historic church in Northwest, Washington, D.C. Concordia Church is located in Foggy Bottom on the corner of G and 20th streets. It has been located here since 1833 and was rebuilt in 1932. Founded as Concordia German Evangelical United Church, it is now known as The United Church. It is a member congregation of the United Church of Christ and the United Methodist Church. It continues to offer German language services and events today, as well as in English.

The United Church
Concordia German Evangelical Church and Rectory
Die Vereinigte Kirche
Location	1920 G St. NW Washington, D.C.
Country	United States
Denomination	United Church of Christ United Methodist Church
Previous denomination	Lutheran Church
History
Status	Church
Architecture
Functional status	Active
Heritage designation	NRHP
Designated	1978
Architect(s)	Paul Schulze Albert Goenner
Style	Gothic, Italianate
Years built	1833 1932 (rebuilt)
Concordia German Evangelical Church and Rectory
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Location	20th and G Sts., Northwest, Washington, D.C.
Coordinates	38°53′52″N 77°2′42″W
Area	0.3 acres (0.12 ha)
Built	originally in 1833; erected 1885; rebuilt in 1932
Architect	Schulze, Paul; Goenner, Albert
Architectural style	Gothic, Italianate
NRHP reference No.	78003055[1]
Added to NRHP	December 14, 1978

Its current building was built in 1885–1891 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

The Early Years

Sixty Germans who were living in Washington City and Georgetown held a meeting on January 17, 1833, that resulted in the founding of a German Lutheran church.[2] It was not until later that month or in early February that the group agreed upon an official name for their congregation: Concordia German Church.[3] Once the name was decided, J.J. Lehmanhowsky contributed to the founding of the church by writing the church constitution. Later, he would become the first president of the church.[4] Shortly after the name was decided on, talk began concerning the construction of a building for their purposes. The new congregation reached out to both first generation German immigrants and their German American descendants for the financial support needed to fund the future building.[3] Once the funds were beginning to be secured the next logical step for the congregation was to decide on a location for the building. As luck would have it, the city was already waiting for two German churches.

When Washington City was in its formative years, and while Georgetown was being touted as an up-and-coming area, Jacob Funk (sometimes spelled Funck), a German American, had purchased 130 acres of land next to Georgetown in hopes of creating an active German community.[5][6] The area was commonly referred to as Hamburg and, despite Funk's best efforts, many plots of land remained untouched in the 1800s.[5] In 1768, the German Lutherans and the German Presbyterians (also known as the Reformed) each bought a plot of land from Funk for five pounds sterling.[5] By the time the Concordia German Church began looking for their church's location neither of Funk's plots had seen any use, and Concordia German Church ended up securing the plot that was originally intended for the Lutheran church for their building as well as buying the plot intended for the Reformed church.[7] One of Funk's daughters would later unsuccessfully make an attempt to legally challenge the transaction.[7] On August 20, 1833, the Masons of the area laid the cornerstone of the building at the corner of present-day G St. NW and 20th St. NW.[8]

1850–1880

Concordia German Church, like Washington City itself, experienced significant growth throughout the mid-1800s. In 1850, the church's property was valued at $3,000, but in just ten years the value more than tripled to $10,000.[9][10] Also in that time period, the church completed a renovation of the building's gymnasium, which increased the number of people it could hold from 500 to 800.[9][11]

1850 also begins the first records of Concordia German Evangelical Church showing up in the Boyd City Directories. In the 1850 edition, the listing is "Church, Lutheran, German, s side G n, cor 20 w".[12] All the churches were listed in this fashion with no other information. The name listed and how the location was represented changed in the 1853 directory. "Church, Deutsche Evanglische Kirshe, s side G n, btw 19 and 20 w" was how people would find Concordia Church.[13] The church could have changed the name to being listed in German to attract only those who could speak the language, considering all services were conducted in German until the early twentieth century. The understanding that each immigrant group stuck together influences this insight. One account illustrates this concept by stating, "The Germans traded only with the Germans."[14] In 1862 and 1864, information began to be added to the directory. Instead of lists of churches, they were split into categories based on denomination. Concordia was always listed under Lutheran. The directory read "German Evangelical, G north cor. 20th West. Founded 1833. Pastor, Rev. Samuel Finckel. Sexton, George Jacobs." The directory also gave the home addresses of the Pastor and Sexton.[15] Information was then removed from the directory over the next decade. There was no longer a listing for the Sexton and the home address of the Pastor was removed. Time of when the service took place was added however. The directory in 1870, 1872, and 1873 read (under Lutheran) "German Evangelical, G cor. 20th nw. Rev. Rietz, pastor. Services at 11 a.m."[16]

In 1850, only two Lutheran churches existed in Washington City, and they were collectively worth $15,000 .[17] Concordia's property, located in the first ward of the District of Columbia was worth $3,000 that same year, and the second church, located in the second ward, was worth $12,000.[18] However, with the growth of the city's economy and population came an increase in value for the church. By 1860, its property was evaluated at $10,000, and one additional Lutheran church was built in the District of Columbia.[19] In 1870, U.S. Census data reads that there were ten Lutheran churches established in D.C., but social statistics reports from the same year record nine, their total property valuation at $218,000.[20][21] This exponential growth in Lutheran churches and property values sheds light on the influx of inhabitants in the city during this era. German immigrants continued to pour into Washington, D.C. In 1870, 4,131 German immigrants were recorded in the city, and by 1880, that number had increased to 5,016 German-native inhabitants.[20][22]

In 1855, the growth of the congregation became apparent in the church cemetery. An association called "The Evangelical Society" realized that soon all the plots were going to be sold in the church's cemetery located between G and H and 4th and 5th Streets Northeast. Instead of waiting for a meeting to be held to decide the issue, the society purchased new land on what is present day Prospect Hill Cemetery. It fixed the problem, but because of their rash decision, they became the cemetery organization.[23]

The increase of members in the congregation allowed the church to become more financially stable. Reverend Samuel D. Finckel, who came to the church in 1847, saw these changes. He stayed for 23 years. During his time, especially the 1860s, the church began donating to an orphanage located on 14th St. NW.[24] This was the first signs of the change of focus to the community. Reverend Gustav Rietz continued this trend. He would stay with the church from 1870 to 1879. During this time, he would reorganize the Sunday School to cater to the congregation better and found the Ladies Aid Society. Reverend Martin Kratt, who came in 1879, also assisted the community when he helped establish the German Orphan Home. The establishment of the orphan home took place on Sunday, September 7, 1879.[25] The church, Sunday School, and Ladies Aid Society would all support this orphanage in some way over the years. This can be seen in the Annual Report of the German Orphan Asylum of the District of Columbia for the year 1888. Although this is for its ninth year of existence, in the back it lists that Concordia Sunday School donated five dollars which they used to purchase four gallons of ice cream and two barrels of breads and cake. Towards the front, there is a whole page dedicated to the Annual Report of the Ladies Aid Society. Some of the items that were donated included clothes, mattresses, pillows, food, and books.[26] Because the orphanage was to assist the German immigrant population as whole, Concordia German Evangelical Church gained support from other German immigrant associations in the area. The National Republican edition of November 3, 1879, had a piece on the German Bakers’ Benevolent Association. It briefly discusses the fundraising efforts that would go to the German Orphan Asylum.[27]

During Reverend Finckel's pastorate, a building committee was established.[28] Finances were clearly well managed, and between the years of 1850 and 1860, Concordia underwent renovations. These expanded the building's maximum capacity from 500 to 800, which must have been necessary to accommodate Concordia's growing membership.[18][19] Prior to retiring, Finckel baptized a boy who would become one of America's brightest young military composers, John Philip Sousa,[29] whose mother was of Bavarian origin.[30]

1880 until now

In August 1891 the cornerstone of the church's new building was laid.[31] It marked the end of an era and was a symbol of a new beginning. World War I brought unfavorable attitudes in the city, along with the rest of the country, towards Germans, German Americans and all things German. As a result, the church had no choice but to halt services in German. They were resumed once the war was over. In 1974 the church experienced a trial merger with two other churches, United Methodist Congregation and Western Presbyterian.[32] Fearful of losing its identity, Western Presbyterian left the merger and Concordia ended up permanently merging with just the United Methodist Congregation.[33] This merger was created through a three-fourths majority vote in both churches.[34] The merged congregations chose the name The United Church. Today, the church facade is made of brick. Its architectural features include a looming tower, quoins, molding, and stained glass windows. On December 14, 1978, the second building was declared a historical site by the National Register of Historical Places. There is a memorial plaque on the church that mentions John Philip Sousa's baptism at the church, which seems to be a point of pride for the church's congregation. Presently, the church holds services in English every week and German services the first and third Sunday of every month.

Present-day

The Church in 2015.

In contrast of the original Concordia Church, English services are the primary services of the church. German services are held every 1st and 3rd Sundays of the month. While in the church you can see the presence of both the United Church of Christ and the United Methodist Church. Although rebuilt, it has kept its tradition and character from inside the church. Stained glass windows dating from the early 1900s are prominent in the sanctuary, most of which are dedicated in honor of late members and clergy, accompanied with the German words "Zum Andenken", meaning "in memory", followed by the name and life dates.

While German is no longer as widely used in the District of Columbia as it once was, a sizeable German-American community remains. The church supports and fosters German language, culture, and heritage.

Concordia Church is actively involved in the community. A pre-school called the Owl School operated in the basement of the church which provided a full day care for children until the school closed in 2018. Currently the basement is being renovated to open up the space for community events. The congregation Operates the Foggy Bottom Food Pantry which offers free food to the poor of the neighborhood.

The surroundings of the church have changed drastically from the original neighborhood. The neighborhood around the church, as expected, is more modernized and populated with students. Being in the center of George Washington University, the surrounding neighbors that the church had in the 1850–1880 is gone and populated with institutions, office buildings, and a few eateries.

A note on denomination. The congregation was first listed as Lutheran. In Prussia and other German states, there was a state imposed merger of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches. When German Protestants immigrated to America, most reverted to separate Lutheran and German Reformed denominations. Those supporting the Church Union formed the German Evangelical Synod of North America, which was the denomination of which Concordia was a member. The Evangelical Synod is now part of the United Church of Christ, formed in a merger with the Congregational Christian Churches.

References

1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
2. Century Jubilee of Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, (Washington, DC: Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, 1933), 1. MS 644, Series I, Container 1, Folder 1. Historical Society of Washington, D.C. (HSDC).
3. Century Jubilee of Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, (Washington, DC: Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, 1933), 2. MS 644, Series I, Container 1, Folder 1. Historical Society of Washington, D.C. (HSDC).
4. United Church (Washington, D.C.) (1975). History of Concordia Church 1833–1975. The United Church. pp. 62 pages.
5. Century Jubilee of Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, (Washington, DC: Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, 1933), 3. MS 644, Series I, Container 1, Folder 1. Historical Society of Washington, D.C. (HSDC).
6. Suzanne Sherwood, Foggy Bottom 1800–1975: A Study in the Use of an Urban Neighborhood, (Washington, DC: The George Washington University, 1978), 1.
7. Century Jubilee of Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, (Washington, DC: Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, 1933), 4. MS 644, Series I, Container 1, Folder 1. Historical Society of Washington, D.C. (HSDC).
8. Johnson, Clarence E. and Billing, W.W., "Special Meeting of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia", Minutes from August 1833. MS 644, Series III, Container 8, Folder 31. Historical Society Washington, D.C., KC.
9. 1850 U.S. Census, Social Statistics Schedule, Washington City, Washington, DC, Social Statistics Schedule, Ward 1; National Archives microfilm publication M1793 36/03.
10. 1860 U.S. Census, Social Statistics Schedule, Washington City, Washington, DC, Social Statistics Schedule, Ward 1; National Archives microfilm publication M1793 36/03.
11. 1870 U.S. Census, Social Statistics Schedule, Washington City, Washington, DC, Social Statistics Schedule, Ward 1; National Archives microfilm publication M1793 36/03.
12. Boyd City Directory. General Shelves, Special Collections, Gelman Library, The George Washington University. 1850.
13. Boyd City Directory. General Shelves, Special Collections, Gelman Library, The George Washington University. 1853.
14. Sherwood, Suzanne Berry (1978). Foggy Bottom 1800–1975: A Study in the uses of an Urban Neighborhood. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University. p. 12.
15. Boyd City Directory. General Shelves, Special Collections, Gelman Library, The George Washington University. 1862.
16. Boyd City Directory. General Shelves, Special Collections, Gelman Library, The George Washington University. 1873.
17. Bureau of the Census. 1850 Census of Population and Housing, The District of Columbia: Table XIII, Churches, Church Property, etc. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850a-01.pdf.
18. 1850 U.S. Census, Social Statistics Schedule, Washington City, Washington, DC, Wards 1 and 2; National Archives microfilm publication M1793 36/03.
19. 1860 U.S. Census, Social Statistics Schedule, Washington City, Washington, DC, Wards 1 and 2; National Archives microfilm publication M1793 36/03.
20. Bureau of the Census. 1870 Census of Population and Housing, The District of Columbia: Churches, Church Property, etc. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870a-01.pdf
21. 1870 U.S. Census, Social Statistics Schedule, Washington City, Washington, DC, Wards 1 and 2; National Archives microfilm publication M1793 36/03.
22. Bureau of the Census. 1880 Census of Population and Housing, The District of Columbia: Churches, Church Property, etc. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1880a-01.pdf%5B%5D
23. The Centenary Jubilee of the Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church: 1833–1933. MS0868, Box 2, Folder 8, Special Collections, Gelman Library, The George Washington University. 1933. pp. 9–10.CS1 maint: location (link)
24. United Church (Washington, D.C.) (1975). History of Concordia 1833–1975. Washington, D.C.: The United Church.
25. The Centenary Jubilee of the Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church: 1833–1933. MS0868, Box 2, Folder 8, Special Collections, Gelman Library, The George Washington University. 1933. p. 15.CS1 maint: location (link)
26. Annual Report for the German Orphan Asylum of the District of Columbia for the year 1888. Martin Luther King Library, Washingtoniana Division, Washington, D.C: W, KOCH. 1888.
27. The National Republican. 3 November 1879. Missing or empty |title= (help)
28. "Centenary Jubilee of Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church", (Washington, DC: Concordia Lutheran Evangelical Church, 1933), 1. MS 644, Series I, Container 1, Folder 1. DCHS.
29. "Getaüft". Baptismal record, in German, of the Concordia United Church of Christ. 1854, pg. 71.
30. Paul E. Bierley (2001). John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon. Miami, Florida: Warner Bros. Publications.
31. "By Its Quaint Ritual: Laying the Corner-stone of the New Concordia Lutheran Church." Unknown Newspaper. 23 August 1891. MX 644, Series IX, Folder 240, Historical Society of Washington, DC.
32. Johnson, Janis (Nov 1, 1974). "2 NW congregations favor merger". The Washington Post. ProQuest 146121990.
33. "Foggy Bottom Churches To Merge in January". The Washington Post. Nov 22, 1974. p. D14 – via ProQuest.
34. "Foggy Bottom Churches to Merge in January". The Washington Post: D14. November 1974.

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