Claude Desplan

Claude Desplan, a biologist originally trained in France, has been a Silver Professor in New York University’s Department of Biology since 1999. His research centers on understanding the development and functioning of the visual system that underlies color vision using the fruit fly Drosophila as a model organism.

Biography

Born in Algeria, Desplan completed his undergraduate training at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in St. Cloud, France in 1975 and he received a Ph.D. at the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) in Paris in 1983. His thesis work, done under the guidance of Mohsen Moukhtar and Monique Thomasset, focused on calcium regulation.

As a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Pat O’Farrell at the University of California, San Francisco, Desplan worked on the functional specificity of homeodomain proteins. He demonstrated that this conserved signature of many developmental genes is a DNA binding motif.[1] In 1987, he joined the faculty of Rockefeller University and was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Assistant and Associate Investigator. There, he pursued structural and functional studies of the homeodomain and Paired domain DNA binding domains[2] and investigated the evolution of axis formation in insects. He accepted a position as Professor at New York University in 1999.

Scientific work

His laboratory has demonstrated the molecular mechanisms that pattern the fly color-sensing photoreceptor neurons and showed how stochastic decisions,[3][4] a transcription factor network,[5] and a tumor suppressor pathway[6] contribute to the diversification of photoreceptors. It has also sought to understand how color information that arises within the retina is processed in the optic lobe of the Drosophila brain by investigating the development and function of this structure.[7] His lab has shown that neuronal diversity in optic lobes is generated by the lineage of neural stem cells and by spatial input from patterning genes,[8][9] and has provided a functional understanding of the neuronal and computational mechanisms that underlie color vision and motion detection (the ‘elementary motion detector’).[10] The Desplan laboratory also uses ‘evo-devo’ approaches to understand the evolution of patterning mechanisms in the early embryo and in the visual system using the wasp Nasonia and the ant Harpegnathos as model systems. He contributed broadly to the understanding of how insect embryos pattern their antero-posterior axis through extensive rewiring of a network of genes that are otherwise evolutionarily conserved in Drosophila.[11][12] Desplan serves on multiple scientific advisory boards and in funding agencies. He is an elected member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, an elected foreign member of EMBO, and an elected fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Honors and awards

References
  1. Desplan C., Theis J., O'Farrell P., The Drosophila developmental gene, engrailed, encodes a sequence specific DNA-binding activity. Nature, 318, 630-635 (1985).
  2. Treisman J., Gönczy P., Vashishta M., Harris E., Desplan C. A single amino acid can determine the specificity of homeodomain proteins. Cell, 59, 563-562 (1989)
  3. Losick R. & Desplan C. Stochastic choices and cell fate, Science 320, 65-68 (2008)
  4. Johnston R.J.Jr. & Desplan C. Interchromosomal communication coordinates intrinsically stochastic expression between alleles. Science 343:661-5 (2014)
  5. Johnston R. Jr. Otake Y., Sood P., Vogt N., Behnia R., Vasiliauskas.D, McDonald E., Xie B., Koenig ., Wolf R., Cook T., Gebelein B., Kussell E., Nagakoshi H. & Desplan C. Interlocked feedforward loops control specific Rhodopsin expression in the Drosophila eye. Cell 145, 956-968 (2011)
  6. Mikeladze-Dvali T., Wernet M., Pistillo D. , Mazzoni E. O., Teleman A., Chen Y., Cohen S. & Desplan C. The growth regulators Warts/lats and Melted interact in a bistable loop to specify opposite fates in R8 photoreceptors. Cell, 122, 775-787 (2005). Featured in Dev Cell, Current Biology & Nature Rev. Neuro.
  7. Morante J., & Desplan C. The color-vision circuit in the medulla of Drosophila. Current Biology, 18, 553-565 (2008).
  8. Li X., Erclik T., Bertet C., Chen Z., Voutev R., Venkatesh S., Morante J., Celik A. & Desplan C. Temporal patterning of Drosophila medulla neuroblasts controls neural fates. Nature 498:456-62 (2013).
  9. Bertet C., Li X., Erclik T., Cavey M., Wells B. & Desplan C., Temporal patterning of neural progenitors controls Notch-mediated cell survival. Cell, In press (2014)
  10. Behnia R., Clark D.A., Carter A.G., Clandinin T.R. & Desplan C. Processing properties of ON and OFF pathways for Drosophila motion detection. Nature, In press (2014)
  11. Lynch J.A., Brent A.E., Leaf D.S., Pultz M.A. & Desplan C. Localized maternal orthodenticle patterns anterior and posterior in the long germ wasp Nasonia. Nature, 439, 728-732 (2006)
  12. Rosenberg M.I., Brent A.E., Payre F., & Desplan C. Dual mode of embryonic development is highlighted by expression and function of Nasonia pair-rule genes. eLife 3:e01440 (2014)
  13. "Edwin G. Conklin Medal". Society for Developmental Biology. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  14. "News From the National Academy of Sciences".
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