Circle of the Rhine
The Circle of the Rhine[1] (German: Rheinkreis) or Rhine Circle, sometimes the Bavarian Rheinkreis (bayerischer Rheinkreis or baierischer Rheinkreis), was the name given to the territory on the west bank of the Rhine from 1816 to 1837 which was one of 15 (later 8) administrative districts of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Before the French revolutionary wars (1792) most of the land had belonged to the Electoral Palatinate. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 it was initially promised to the Empire of Austria after having been under a provisional joint Austro-Bavarian administration since 1814. However, in the Treaty of Munich (1816), Austria relinquished the territory to Bavaria.
| Rheinkreis Pfalz (from 1837) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regierungsbezirk of the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Free State of Bavaria | |||||||||
| 1816–1946 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms
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| Capital | Speyer | ||||||||
| Area transferred | |||||||||
| • 1920 | Saarpfalz-Kreis to Saar Basin | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 1 May 1816 | |||||||||
| 1 May 1849 | |||||||||
| 1 December 1918 | |||||||||
• Establishment of Territory of the Saar Basin | 10 January 1920 | ||||||||
• Establishment of Rhineland-Palatinate | 30 August 1946 | ||||||||
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In 1837, the Circle of the Rhine was renamed the Palatinate (Pfalz).[2][3] It was also referred to as the Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz).[4] The territory remained Bavarian until 30 Aug 1946, with the exception of the area detached in 1920, which roughly corresponded to the present day county of Saarpfalz-Kreis. It then became part of the newly formed federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Geography
The Rhine Circle largely covered the same area as the present Palatinate region, which lies west of the Rhine in the south of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, but included additionally the Saarland districts of Homburg and Sankt Ingbert. These were incorporated into the Saar region after the end of the First World War and merged in 1974 into the Saarpfalz-Kreis. After the Second World War there were smaller losses of territory to the Saarland, especially in the area of Sankt Wendel. As part of the 1969 land reform the region designated as the Palatinate with Rhineland-Palatinate had its northern border changed somewhat. The Diocese of Speyer and the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate still exist today largely based on the historic boundaries of the Circle of the Rhine.
History
The territory of the Rhine Circle, established in 1816, had been divided before 1792 into a total of 45 secular and ecclesiastical territories, some of which were very small. The largest were Electoral Palatinate, the Duchy of Zweibrücken and the Prince-Bishopric of Speyer.[5] Electoral Palatinate and Bavaria had had dynastic links through the Wittelsbach family for centuries.
In 1794, the Left Bank of the Rhine, including the Palatinate, was occupied by French revolutionary troops. As a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) the First French Republic annexed the region and introduced an administrative system in 1798. The subsequent Circle of the Rhine included considerable portions of the département of Mont-Tonnerre as well as smaller parts of the département of the Sarre and Bas-Rhin.
Following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the capture of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the Allies in January 1814, from 2 February 1814 the region was initially under the provisional authority of the General Government of the Middle Rhine, but, from 16 June that same year, it was placed under the administration of the Imperial-Royal Austrian and Royal Bavarian Joint Land Administration Commission (k. k. östreichischen und k. bairischen gemeinschaftliche Landes-Administrations-Kommission).[6]
In the main treaty agreed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and dated 9 June 1815, Article 51 stated that (inter alia) on the Left Bank of the Rhine the former départements of the Sarre and Mont-Tonnere, except where stated in the same treaty, were to go "with full sovereignty" and ownership rights under the overlordship of the Emperor of Austria (Herrschaft Sr. Maj. des Kaisers von Oesterreich).[7] The joint Austro-Bavarian administration was initially retained, however.
On 14 April 1816, a treaty was signed between Austria and Bavaria, in which the various territorial changes were agreed. According to Article 2 of the treaty, Emperor Francis I of Austria ceded various regions to Maximilian I of Bavaria. These included, in addition to various regions east of the Rhine, the following regions west of the Rhine:[8]
- In the Département of Mont-Tonnere (Donnerberg):
- the districts of Zweibrücken, Kaiserslautern and Speier; the latter with the exception of the cantons of Worms and Pfeddersheim;
- the canton of Kirchheim-Bolanden, in districts of Alzei.
- In the Sarre Département:
- the cantons of Waldmohr, Blieskastel and Kusel, the latter with the exception of several villages on the road from St. Wendel to Baumholder, which were to be compensated, by another territorial transfer, with the agreement of the assembled plenipotentiaries of the allied powers at Frankfurt.
- In the Département of Bas-Rhin:
- the canton, town and fortress of Landau, the latter as a federal fortress in accordance with the regulations of 3 November 1815;
- the cantons of Bergzabern. Langenkandel and the whole part of the Département of Bas-Rhin on the left bank of the Lauter, which had been ceded in the Paris Tractat of 20 November 1815.
The effective date for these changes was stated as 1 May 1816.
In accordance with the prevailing Bavarian administrative structure, the region was given the name "Rhine Circle" (Rheinkreis) with Speyer as its capital. Of the former French administrative structure, the subdivision of the region into cantons, mayoralties and municipalities was retained.
As his first provincial governor, King Maximilian selected the Privy Councillor (Hofrat) Franz Xaver von Zwack, whose name is responsible for the popular Palatinate nickname for Bavarian officials, Zwockel.
References
- Universal Geography: Or a Description of All Parts of the World, Vol. 5 by Conrad Malte-Brun. Retrieved 12 Aug 2014.
- Königl. allerhöchste Verordnung, die Eintheilung des Königreichs Bayern betreffend, dated 29 November 1837. In Regierungs-Blatt für das Königreich Bayern, 58/1837 (Online)
- Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, Dictionary of Arts..., Vol. 8; Vol 16 (1858). Retrieved 12 Aug 2014.
- Friedrich Wilhelm Hermann Wagener: Staats- und Gesellschafts-Lexikon, F. Heinicke, 1867, S. 140 (Online)
- Adalbert Heib: Beamtenverzeichniß und Statistik des Königlich Bayerischen Regierungs-Bezirkes der Pfalz, Speyer, Kranzbühler, 1863, pp. 58 ff (Online)
- F. W. A. Schlickeysen: Repertorium der Gesetze und Verordnungen für die königl. preußischen Rheinprovinzen, Trier: Leistenschneider, 1830, pp. 8 ff. (Online)
- Haupt-Vertrag des zu Wien versammelten Congresses der europäischen Mächte, Fürsten und freien Städte, nebst 17 besondern Verträgen, Article 51, p. 101 (digitalised)
- Treaty of Munich dated 14 April 1816 in G. M. Kletke: Die Staats-Verträge des Königreichs Bayern ... von 1806 bis einschließlich 1858, Regensburg, Pustet, 1860, p. 310 (Online)