Church of St Mary the Virgin, Masham

The Church of St Mary the Virgin, Masham (also known as the Church of St Mary or St Mary's Church), is the parish church in the town of Masham, North Yorkshire, England. The church stands on the site of an Anglo-Saxon place of worship with some the original Saxon stones incorporated into the current church. Archaeology has determined that the site has been used as a place of Christian worship for over 1,400 years.

Church of St Mary the Virgin, Masham
St Mary the Virgin, Masham
The Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, Masham
Church of St Mary the Virgin, Masham
Location within North Yorkshire
54.2213°N 1.6537°W / 54.2213; -1.6537
OS grid referenceSE226806
LocationMasham, North Yorkshire
CountryEngland
DenominationChurch of England
Weekly attendance70 (2015)[1]
WebsiteOfficial webpage
History
DedicationSt Mary the Virgin
Architecture
Functional statusActive
Architectural typePerpendicular
Specifications
Length100 feet (30 m)
Width51 feet (16 m)
Administration
ParishMasham
BeneficeMasham and Healey
DeaneryRipon
ArchdeaconryRichmond and Craven
DioceseLeeds
Clergy
Vicar(s)David John Cleeves
Listed Building – Grade II*
Designated9 August 1966
Reference no.1166880

The Ecclesiastical Court in the town was previously known as a Peculiar after it was given to the Diocese of York, but was deemed too dangerous and far away for the bishop or his tax collectors to travel to. All court affairs were presided over by the Peculier of Masham consisting of 24 men, known historically as the Four and Twenty. As it did not forward taxes to York, the court became quite rich, this led to some labelling it as the richest plum in Christendom.

The church sits at the south east corner of the market square in the town.

History

The church stands on the site of a former Anglo-Saxon place of worship. A church is mentioned in the entry for the settlement in the Domesday Book when the lord of the manor was Gospatric,[2] but it is not known exactly where it was sited and many have doubted that any part of the original church survives as part of the current architecture save for the odd stone in the church's walls.[3] However, archaeological discoveries, most notably 57 Saxon bodies, have led to estimations that the site has been the place of Christian worship for over 1,400 years.[4][note 1][5] The church itself was started in the 12th century with additions in the 14th, 16th and 19th centuries. The restoration of the church between 1855 and 1863 was down to Octavius Vernon Harcourt who had married the widow of William Danby in 1823.[6] The church was restored after lightning struck the tower in July 1855.[7][8] During the 19th century renovations, several carved stones of Anglo-Saxon origin were found to be embedded within the church walls with more being unearthed when the foundations were maintained.[9] It was grade II* listed in 1966.[10]

The presence of the church is reflected in the name of the town; according to some sources Masham derives from Mass-Town as the presence of a church meant that that is where people travelled to worship.[11] It was made a prebend of the Church of St Peter in York (York Minster) between 1154 and 1181[12] and its considerable distance meant that clergy from York could not travel to the town easily.[13][14] It was therefore granted the right to be a Peculier, which has also influenced the name of a beer that is brewed in the town.[15]

The church consists of a vaulted south porch, nave, chapel and chancel, with two aisles (north and south) and a tower. The length of the church is roughly 100 feet (30 m) with 51 feet (16 m) in width at its widest point.[16][17]

The chancel contains a monument to Sir Marmaduke Wyvil (of Burton-on-Ure) and the south aisle contains many memorials to the Danby family from nearby Swinton.[18] During the reformation, the rood-screen, decorations on the altar-rails and some off the stained glass was removed due to the puritanical considerations of the time.[19] Most of the church is to be found in the Perpendicular style, however, some of the stained glass windows on the south side are in the Decorated style.[20] In comparison to the rest of the church, the font is relatively new having been gifted to the church by the reverend Morton in 1862. The font is constructed of Caen stone with various religious symbols and people carved into the eight panels that flank the font.[21]

The tower, which stands at the west side of the church, is Norman in its lower three stages and is believed to have been erected in the 12th century.[22] This three tiered structure had bell openings in them. In either the 14th or 15th century, an octagonal section was added and a spire placed on the top of that.[23] A clock was affixed to the outer wall of the spire (previously it had been inside the bell tower) in 1732. The Four and Twenty from the Peculiar of Masham dictated that the face should be there as it would be "commodious and of great use to the inhabitants of the town and the people resorting to the market and fair, but also the country generally".[24] The nave is separated from the north aisle by six bays and the south aisle has five.[25] At the same time that the tower was amended in the 15th century, the clerestory was added.[26]

Anglo-Saxon Cross Shaft, St Mary's the Virgin Church, Masham. View from the west

Whilst the church itself is Norman and medieval, the stone cross that is just outside the porch is of Anglo-Saxon origin. It is believed to have been carved in the 8th or 9th centuries and to have been dedicated to St Wilfrid, who was Bishop of Ripon between 667 and 669.[27] The cross, which is 6 feet 9 inches (2.06 m) tall and 2 feet 0 inches (0.6 m) in diameter, used to be known as the Paulinus Cross and is decorated with early Christian carvings.[28] Many of the carvings and representations have weathered over time, though Fisher argues that some were probably removed by those with Puritanical leanings during the Reformation.[29] It is similar to the types of crosses found in churchyards in Wolverhampton and Dewsbury.[30] The cross was grade II listed in 1966.[31][32] The church is located on the south eastern corner of the market square in Masham town centre, though the entrance faces south with views of the countryside in that direction.[33]

Simon Jenkins in his book, England's Thousand Best Churches, awards the church and its churchyard one star out of five and describes the Anglo-Saxon cross as being

..an eerie piece of archaeology rising out of a refreshingly unkempt churchyard.[34]

In January 2017, the church was used as the setting for an episode of the BBC TV series Strike. One of the main characters hails from Masham and is seen getting married in the church.[35][36]

The Peculier of Masham

Roger de Mowbray, the lord of the manor, was held captive during the Crusades and released after being ransomed by the Knights Templar. In gratitude, he donated the church to the Church of St Peter in York.[note 2][37][38] However, because of its distance from York, the threat of the church's tax collectors being mugged on the long route between the two places and the extra burden of having to govern it,[39] the Archbishop declared that the town of Masham, through its church, was granted the right to govern its own affairs.[40] The term Peculier, which derives from a Norman word,[2] in this aspect actually means Particular not odd as in the term Peculiar.[41]

As a result of this, the Peculier Court of Masham, consisted of 24 men (known historically as the Four and Twenty) which also gave rise to a name of one of the Theakstons' beers.[42] The court is presided over by the incumbent of the church,[43] and still has the right to rule on matters such as

drunkenness, brawling, swearing, scolding, not bringing your children to be baptised, bidding church wardens to do their worst when they order you to church and carrying a skull out of a churchyard to lay under a person’s head to charm him or her to sleep.[44]

Between the 12th and 19th centuries, the court ruled on matters mostly pertaining to the church and adherence to Christian rituals not only in Masham, but also in the surrounding areas. People were fined for having non-Christian customs in burials, for not paying money into the collection plate, for wearing hats during communion and for setting up a school without permission. One man from nearby Ellington was excommunicated for not providing bread and water for a village walk.[45] Others were punished for being Catholics or Recusants.[46] Through not having to pay taxes to York, the court became quite rich and the power of its earning potential and endowments was renowned across the north of England. This gave rise to a saying the Peculier of Masham was the richest plum in Christendom.[47]

When the Theakston Brewery was formed in the town, their first beer, brewed in 1827, was called Old Peculier. In 1999, the brewery paid for a new stained glass window in the church that showed the seal of the Peculier of Masham (believed to be the figure of Roger de Mowbray) which Theakstons had borrowed for the design of their beer.

A contract is signed between the incumbent of the church and Theakston Brewery to allow the use of the Peculier seal on their products. It was re-signed most recently in 1989 between the Reverend Brian Abell and Michael Theakston. Theakston also commissioned a new portrait of the Virgin Mary and the Baby Jesus as part of the deal that extends the licence of the seal until 2040.[48]

Notes
  1. In 1988, Yorkshire Water were laying a pipeline in the area and at least 57 skeletons were unearthed. They were dated to between 679 and 1011 AD and were all found a very short distance from the present church. The site of the bodies has now been marked with a plaque labelling it the Lost Graveyard. After a long evaluation by archaeologists, the bodies were re-interred in the present church's graveyard in 2009. Studies revealed that all the bodies were facing east (as per the early Christian tradition) and that they had not died as a result of battle or disease.
  2. This is the second time that de Mowbray had fought in the crusades, but most scholars agree that he died soon after being freed and was buried at Tyre. de Mowbray is said to have donated Masham church to York in the 1150s or 1160s which would mean it was after his first Crusade. Another possibility is that his son, also called Roger de Mowbray, donated it after his father's release and the two figures have become confused.

References
  1. "Dashboard for the parish of Masham: St Mary the Virgin in the Deanery of RIPON" (PDF). leedsanglican.org. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  2. MCACA 1 2008, p. 3.
  3. McCall 1909, p. 2.
  4. "Skeletons uncovered in Saxon cemetery reburied amid rites performed in languages they would have known". The Yorkshire Post. 6 October 2009. ProQuest 335395019.
  5. Noble, Ian (6 October 2009). "Remains of 57 bodies reburied 900 years on". The Northern Echo. ProQuest 329252686.
  6. "Domestic Intelligence". The Bradford Observer (1, 542). 20 August 1863. p. 3. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  7. Fisher 1865, pp. 377–378.
  8. "General Intelligence". The Hull Packet and East Riding Times (3, 683). 10 August 1855. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  9. Fisher 1865, p. 43.
  10. Historic England. "Church of St Mary  (Grade II*) (1166880)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  11. Fisher 1865, pp. 4–5.
  12. Fisher 1865, p. 321.
  13. Fisher 1865, p. 34.
  14. "Yorkshire, England, Probate Records, 1521-1858". search.ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  15. "Michael Theakston". The Times. 30 October 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  16. "Parishes: Masham | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  17. McCall 1909, p. 4a.
  18. Moule, Thomas (1837). The English Counties delineated: or, a topographical description of England. London: George Virtue. p. 443. OCLC 562641982.
  19. Fisher 1865, pp. 135–136.
  20. Glynne 2007, p. 289.
  21. Fisher 1865, p. 380.
  22. McCall 1909, p. 3.
  23. Pevsner 1973, p. 240–241.
  24. Fisher 1865, p. 363.
  25. McCall 1909, p. 5.
  26. McCall 1909, p. 6.
  27. Bond, Chris, ed. (22 September 2018). "A Corner of Yorkshire: Masham Churchyard Cross". The Yorkshire Post. The Magazine. p. 4. ISSN 0963-1496.
  28. Historic England. "Cross shaft in St Mary's churchyard, Masham (1013301)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  29. Fisher 1865, p. 310.
  30. "Paulinus Cross, Masham, North Yorkshire | Educational Images | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  31. Historic England. "Churchyard cross approximately 3 metres to south of Church of St Mary  (Grade II) (1132040)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  32. Pevsner 1973, p. 241.
  33. Pevsner 1973, p. 242.
  34. Jenkins, Simon (2000). England's thousand best churches (2 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 778. ISBN 0-14-029795-2.
  35. Barnard, Ashley (18 January 2017). "Film crews hit North Yorkshire to shoot new JK Rowling novel adaptation for BBC". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  36. "BBC - Interview with Holliday Grainger, who plays Robin Ellacott - Media Centre". www.bbc.co.uk. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  37. Brooke, Christopher (2005). "David Smith; The Scholar". In Hoskin, Phillipa; Brooke, Christopher; Dobson, Barrie (eds.). The foundations of medieval English ecclesiastical history : studies presented to David Smith. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. p. 2. ISBN 1-84383-169-4.
  38. Thomas, Hugh (23 September 2004). "Mowbray, Sir Roger de (d. 1188)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19458. Retrieved 16 October 2018. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  39. Titley, Chris. "Beer maestro Simon Theakston talks about his criminal past". yorkshirelife.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  40. Pitman, Joanna (26 October 1996). "Tradition still pays its way for Theakston's brewery". The Times. ProQuest 318643835.
  41. "Artist gives church a peculier distinction". The Northern Echo. 3 December 1999. ProQuest 328917353.
  42. "Theakston release Masham Four & Twenty ale". York Press. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  43. "New brew is most Peculier". The Northern Echo. 3 May 2013. ProQuest 1347745683.
  44. "Michael Theakston Obituary". The Times. 30 October 2004. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  45. Peach, Howard (2004). Curious tales of old North Yorkshire. Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure. p. 87. ISBN 1-85058-793-0.
  46. Fisher 1865, p. 119.
  47. Hey, David (2005). A history of Yorkshire : "county of the broad acres". Lancaster: Carnegie Pub. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-85936-122-1.
  48. Ralphs, Joanna (31 July 1994). "Virgin portrait seals church's Peculier deal". The Sunday Times. p. 9. ISSN 0307-269X.

Sources
  • Fisher, John (1865). The history and antiquities of Masham and Mashamshire. London: Simpkin. OCLC 23581450.
  • Glynne, Stephen (2007). Butler, Laurence (ed.). The Yorkshire Church Notes of Sir Stephen Glynne 1825–1874. Yorkshire/Suffolk: Yorkshire Archaeological Society/Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-903564-80-6.
  • Masham Conservation Area Character Appraisal (Part 1) (PDF) (Report). Harrogate: Harrogate Borough Council. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  • McCall, Hardy Bertram (1909). The Peculiar of Masham cum Kirkby Malzeard. Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society. OCLC 912949641.
  • Pevsner, Nikolaus (1973). Yorkshire; the North Riding. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071029-9.
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