Chthamalus

Chthamalus
	A colony of Chthamalus stellatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Maxillopoda
Subclass:	Cirripedia
Order:	Sessilia
Family:	Chthamalidae
Genus:	Chthamalus; Ranzani, 1817 [1]

Chthamalus (χθαμαλός, "flat" or "on the ground"[2]) is a genus of barnacles that is found along almost all non-boreal coasts of the northern hemisphere, as well as many regions in the southern hemisphere. These small barnacles have been studied in part because of the taxonomic confusion over a group of species that, by and large, are morphologically and ecologically quite similar. In recent years, molecular techniques have identified a number of cryptic species that have been subsequently confirmed by taxonomists using morphological measurements.[3] Most recently the genus has been shown to be paraphyletic, with the genus Microeuraphia nested within Chthamalus.[4]

Field Identification

Identification of barnacles in the field can be challenging, and identification of particular species of Chthamalus is not considered reliable in the field other than a few species. However, a notable distinction in the arrangement of wall plates can help biologists distinguish Chthamalid barnacles from the other common barnacles in the family Balanidae. In chthamalid barnacles, the side plates overlap both the rostrum and the carina (the plates at the ends of the opercular opening), while in balanids one end plate (the rostrum) overlaps the adjoining side plates (rostrolaterals).

Species

The following species are included in the genus Chthamalus:[1]

Chthamalus angustitergum Pilsbry, 1916
Chthamalus anisopoma Pilsbry, 1916
Chthamalus antennatus Darwin, 1854
Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883
Chthamalus dalli Pilsbry, 1916
Chthamalus dentatus Krauss
Chthamalus fragilis
Chthamalus hedgecocki Pitombo & Burton, 2007
Chthamalus malayensis Pilsbry, 1916
Chthamalus montagui Southward, 1976
Chthamalus moro Pilsbry, 1916
Chthamalus neglectus Yan & Chan, 2004
Chthamalus panamensis Pilsbry, 1916
Chthamalus proteus Dando & Southward, 1980
Chthamalus sinensis Ren, 1984
Chthamalus southwardorum Pitombo & Burton, 2007
Chthamalus stellatus (Poli, 1795)

References

Benny K. K. Chan (2011). "Chthamalus Ranzani, 1817". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
David H. McNicoll, M.D. (1863). Dictionary of Natural History Terms with their derivations. L. Reeve & Company. p. 91. etymology chthamalus.
John P. Wares (2020). "Small, flat, and gray: Cryptic diversity in chthamalid barnacles in the global context of marine coastal biogeography (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Chthamalidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 40: 1–16. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruz086.
John P. Wares; M. Sabrina Pankey; Fabio Pitombo; Liza Gómez Daglio; Yair Achituv (2009). Bruno, John F. (ed.). "A "shallow phylogeny" of shallow barnacles (Chthamalus)". PLoS One. 4 (5): e5567. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005567. PMC 2678261. PMID 19440543.

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[WoRMS-1] Benny K. K. Chan (2011). "Chthamalus Ranzani, 1817". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved February 24, 2011.

[2] David H. McNicoll, M.D. (1863). Dictionary of Natural History Terms with their derivations. L. Reeve & Company. p. 91. etymology chthamalus.

[3] John P. Wares (2020). "Small, flat, and gray: Cryptic diversity in chthamalid barnacles in the global context of marine coastal biogeography (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Chthamalidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 40: 1–16. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruz086.

[4] John P. Wares; M. Sabrina Pankey; Fabio Pitombo; Liza Gómez Daglio; Yair Achituv (2009). Bruno, John F. (ed.). "A "shallow phylogeny" of shallow barnacles (Chthamalus)". PLoS One. 4 (5): e5567. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005567. PMC 2678261. PMID 19440543.