Chervonets

Chervonets is the traditional Russian name for large foreign, and domestic gold coins. The name comes from the Russian term "червонное золото" ("chervonnoye zoloto"), meaning “red gold" (also known as rose gold) – the old name of a high-grade gold type.[1]

Originally, this gold coin weighed 3.3-3.5 grams without par (yield) value, at times they weighed the same as the 2–3.5 gram silver ruble. The first known chervonets of Russian coinage was the Ugric gold; it was created in the 15th century under Ivan III. Sometimes, chervonets were considered any large gold coin, including imperial and semi-imperial coins.[2][3]

Since the beginning of the 20th century, banknotes were often referred to as chervonets with the value of ten units (for example, rubles, hryvnia, euro, etc.). This is due to the initiation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic during the monetary reform of 1922–1924 banknotes, or chervonets. They were provided with the same amount of gold was contained in a coin of 10 rubles during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II. A small percentage of gold coins were issued in denominations of one chervonets with a picture of a peasant on the front and a coat of arms of the RSFSR on the back. According to the weight characteristics (8.6 g of 900 samples) and the size of the coin, the chervonets completely matched the pre-revolutionary coin of 10 rubles.

Chervontsy in Tsarist Russia

(Chervontsy is the plural of chervonets)

Ducats of foreign coinage

In 1252, Florence, Italy issued a gold coin of 3.537 grams, which was soon called "florin”. A similar coin, the genovino, began to be minted in Genoa, Italy. In 1284, Venice followed by example, these coins are known as ducats (from the 16th century they became known as the sequin), they first weighed a little more than florins, but shortly after became equal to them. Soon the name "ducat" was well established all over Europe as a synonym for a high-quality gold coin weighing about 3.5 grams. Imitations of the ducat were minted in almost all European countries, some even up to modern times. The basic types of these imitations were: Hungarian, German, and Dutch. The first Hungarian imitation was well known in Eastern Europe and Russia, thus becoming the prototype of the Polish zloty, Russian gold (chervonets), and also Hungarian forint. In Germany, imitations of cechinas and florins were originally called gulden (later Goldgulden), but because of a rapid decrease in weight there was a need to return to the prototype in 1559, and the name "ducat" was accepted (silver coins began to be called guldens and florins). Dutch ducats began to be minted relatively late (only in 1586), but in such quantities that in the 17th and 18th centuries they became one of the most important coins of world trade. Some countries (in particular, Austria) minted ducats before the First World War.[4][5]

In Russia, foreign gold coins were made of high-quality alloy, which had a weight of a ducat (about 3.5 grams), they were called chervontsy. Mostly these were Dutch ducats, Hungarian "Ugric", and Tsekhin.

Chervontsy of Russian coinage

Beginning with Ivan III until Peter the Great, gold coins that were minted were known as chervontsy or chervony, but however they were used mainly as award medals. Depicted on them were either a two-headed eagle on both sides, or a tsarist portrait and a two-headed eagle.[6]

As a result of the monetary reform of Peter I in Russia, a new monetary system was introduced and the first gold coins, chervontsy appeared. In their weight (3.47 g) and [alloy] sample (986), they fully corresponded to the Hungarian ducat (golden Urgic). Also, these coins were issued in denominations of two chervonets with a mass of 6.94 g. 118 copies[7] of the first chervontsy were issued in 1701. Chervontsy were usually only used in trade with foreigners.

The Chervonets of 1706 (the date is in letters) is the only known copy in gold. From the collection of Biron the coin got to a museum in Vienna. Although, gold chervonsty from 1706 exists in private collections in Russia, these were both removed from pendants, thus without flaws. In the Hermitage there is a copy in low-grade silver, which is authentic (tested by Udzenikov).[8] The known replica of this chervonets are made of high-grade silver and copper. B.S. Yusupov noted in his book, "The Coins of the Russian Empire" (Kazan, 1999, p. 231) that before the silver chervonets of 1706 were known as a shestak. Today, the low-grade silver chervonets of 1706 is an unidentified coin in the Russian numismatics system. When confirming a sample of silver about 210, it should be recognized as the first shestak. There are two types of [shestak] coins: without the medal on the chest and with the medal on the chest. On each form there are several variants of stamps with small differences in details. The cost of a new copy in high-grade silver in 2010 is about 50 thousand rubles.The description of a 1706-year old chervonets (1707 model) with the letters of the engraver, IL-L. In the domestic market, gold chervontsy were traded at a rate of 2 rubles and 20 kopecks to 2 rubles 30 kopecks.

Under Peter I, the chervonets were minted from 1701 to 1716. Then, for gold use in the country, gold coins with a face value of two rubles with a smaller breakdown were minted. They portrayed the patron of Russia, Saint Andrew I. The coining of the chervonets was renewed by Peter II in 1729. During the reign of Elizabeth, chervonetz had in addition to the year, information about the month and, more rarely, the date of coinage were given. On the reverse of Elizaveta Petrovna's chervonets there is a coat of arms, a two-headed eagle, and on the reverse of a double chervonets is the image of St. Andrew.

With Paul, the coinage of gold coins without a denomination with mass and a regular breakdown for chervonets was briefly restored, but they were quickly rejected, adjusting the release of a 5 and 10 ruble coin with a high .986 breakdown, which was subsequently reduced to .916 (88/96). In the future, coins without par value were not issued.

Chervonsty are also called gold coins with a 3-ruble denomination, .917 tests and weighing 3.93 grams., Consent of their release was received by the State Council from Alexander II on February 11, 1869.

Distribution of coinage by years[9]

The Emperor	Chervonets	Double Chervonets
Peter I	1701–1703, 1706–1707, 1710–1714, 1716	1701–1702, 1714
Peter II	1729
Anna Iannovna	1730, 1738, 1739
Elizabeth	1742–1744, 1746–1749, 1751–1753, 1755–1759	1749, 1751, 1755
Peter III	1762	1762–1783, 178–1786, 1795–1796
Paul I	1796, 1797
Alexander II	1802, 1804–1805

Platinum Chervontsy

Platinum coins were minted in Russia in the middle of the 19th century, they were sometimes called white or Ural chervontsy. By 1827, the Russian treasury had accumulated large reserves of platinum, extracted from the Ural mountains. Its quantity was so great that the selling of them would crumble the metals market, so it was decided to put them into circulation. Count Georg Ludwig Cancrin was the originator of platinum coins. The coins were made of untreated platinum (97%), and were minted from 1828 to 1845 with denominations of 3, 6, and 12 rubles.

Such unusual denominations in Russia appeared for the convenience of coinage, their sizes was chosen to be the equivalent of a 25 kopeck, a half ruble coin, and one ruble coin, the amount of metal in the coins with the equivalent amount of metal.

In the first case of this coinage, all coins were minted entirely out of platinum. Before that, platinum was used to produce coins only as a ligature (in metallurgy) to gold or copper (with the counterfeiting of coins).[10]

Dutch ducats of Russian coinage

Exact replicas of Dutch ducats (chervontsy) were secretly minted from 1735 to 1868 at the St. Petersburg Mint. In official documents, these coins were known as “famous coins”. Initially, the coins were intended only for foreign payments and salary payments to Russian troops who were conducting military operations in Central Asia, the Caucasus and Poland. Eventually, the coins fell into internal circulation in these places. Local names were used - lobanchik, arapchik, and puchkovyi (from the depiction of the soldier on the coin clutching arrows). These ducats were taken out of circulation in Holland in 1849 (this is the last date on the Russian copies), and in Russia they ceased to be minted in 1868 after the protest of the Dutch government.[11]

Imperial

In 1898–1911 under Nicholas II, gold coins were minted from the alloy of 900 samples with values of 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 rubles. The content of pure gold in the 10-ruble coin was, 1 spool and 78.24 shares (7.74235 g). The total weight of the coin was 8.6 g. The coins in denominations of 15 and 7.5 rubles were called, respectively, imperial and semi-imperial. After the monetary reform of 1922–1924, coins with a value of 10 rubles were called “chervonets”, even though in reality they were not. This name entrenched itself because the chervonets began to be called the base monetary unit first in the RSFSR, and then the USSR, it was equivalent to 10 Soviet rubles and like the tsarist ten-ruble coin, contained 7.74235 g of gold.

Chervonets in Soviet Russia

The first years of Soviet power were marked by the disorder of the money circulation system and the high rate of inflation. In the sphere of circulation there were tsarist credit tickets, Duma money, "kerenki", securities and "Sovznak", which did not enjoy the confidence of the population. The first denomination in 1922 (the exchange was made against 1:10,000) ordered the monetary system, but could not stop inflation. At the 11th Congress of the RCP (B.), it was decided to create a stable Soviet currency, the resolution of the Congress stated:

For this moment, it is necessary, without in the least setting the task of an immediate return to the golden appeal, to firmly establish that our economic and financial policies are resolutely oriented towards restoring the gold provision of money.[12]

There was a discussion about how to name new money. There were proposals to abandon old names and introduce new, "revolutionary" ones. For example, the workers of the People's Commissariat of Finance proposed calling the unit of hard Soviet currency "federal." Traditional names were also proposed: "hryvnia", " tselkovy" and "chervonets". In connection with the fact that the hryvnia called money, which had circulated in Ukraine under the authority of the UNR,[13] and the "ruble" was associated with the silver ruble, it was decided to call the new money "chervontsy."

In October of the same year, the State Bank was granted the right to issue banknotes in gold, with a value of 1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 chervonets. This money was completely provided by the state with reserves of precious metals and foreign currency, goods and bills of reliable enterprises. Already before their release, the pre-revolutionary gold ruble became the basis for financial calculations in the RSFSR, and in 1922 it was legalized as a payment instrument.

November 27, 1922 began the circulation of banknotes in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 25 chervontsy.[14] From the denominations in 1/2, 2 and 50 chervontsy it was decided to be refused. Although, in 1928 a note with value of 2 chervontsy went into circulation. On banknotes it was recorded that 1 chervonets contains 1 spool and 78.24 shares (7.74 grams) of pure gold, and that "the beginning of the exchange is established by a special governmental act".

The gold ten was estimated at the market of 12,500 rubles. Soviet signs of 1922, the State Bank who was guided by the conjuncture, estimated one chervonetz at 11,400 rubles with Sovznak, which is somewhat lower than the price of a gold ten-ruble.

Chervonets was met with confidence by the population and was viewed rather not as a medium of circulation, but as a non-monetary security. Many expected that there would be an exchange of paper chervonets for gold, although no government act on the free exchange of chervonets for gold did not work out. Nevertheless, the population changed paper chervontsy to royal gold coins and vice versa, sometimes even with a small overpayment for paper chervontsy (due to the convenience of liquidity and storage). Thanks to this, the course of the chervonetz remained stable, which gave a solid foundation for the deployment of the NEP.

There is an opinion that the introduction of "solid" money meant the fiasco of the Bolshevik social experiment five years after its inception.[15]

Strengthening of the chervonets

During 1923, the share of chervonets in the total money supply increased from 3% to 80%. Two currency systems operated within the country: the State Bank, who announced a new exchange rate of chervonets daily against the ruble, which created speculation and created difficulties for the development of trade and economic activity. Chervonets became predominantly a city currency. In the village, only well-off peasants could afford to purchase it, while for the mass of peasants it was too expensive. At the same time, it was believed that it was unprofitable to sell their goods for Sovznaks, and this led to an increase in the prices of agricultural products and a reduction in their supply to the city. This was the reason for the second denomination (1:100) ruble.

Gradually, the chervonets began to penetrate foreign markets. Since April 1, 1924, the course of the chervonets is quoted on the New York Stock Exchange. Throughout April, the chervonets stood at a level higher than its dollar parity. In 1924–1925, informal transactions with chervonets were carried out in London and Berlin. At the end of 1925 the question of its quotation on the Vienna Stock Exchange was solved in principle. By that time, the chervonets was officially quoted in Milan, Riga, Rome, Constantinople, Tehran, and Shanghai. The Soviet chervonets could be exchanged or purchased in countries practically all over the world.

Scams with fakes of paper chervonets

Soviet chervontsy, being a sufficiently firm and stable currency, possessed a high purchasing power in the country. Chervontsy were forged, wishing to inflict damage[16] on the national economy of the USSR, and sometimes for financial frauds abroad.

The best known fraud with counterfeit ducats was a member of the English capitalist class, Henry Deterding, the owner of "the biggest oil company, Shell », he was unhappy with the fact that the USSR was selling its oil cheaper than the average prices on the market.[17]

Because of the desire to inflict damage[18] on the national economy of the Soviet Union, the Chervonets became the object of falsification on the part of the white emigration and other hostile groups, located particularly in Germany.[19]

Most often, the objects of forgery were banknotes with denominations of 1 chervonets, as they had a drawing only on one side. The largest party of counterfeit chervonets was arrested in Murmansk in 1928, the postal employee Sepalov opened an underground network for the distribution of counterfeit banknotes printed in Germany. In it, former White Guards, including Karumidze and Sadaderashvili, were implicated. All of them were convicted in Germany and Switzerland, where they received minimum terms. Subsequently, their experience was used by Hitlerite Germany during the Great Patriotic War to counterfeit Soviet and other banknotes.[20]

Golden Chervonets

Simultaneously with the release of paper chervonets, in October 1922 a decision was made to issue chervonets in the form of coins. According to its weight characteristics (8.6 g, 900 sample) and the size of the chervonets, it fully corresponded to the pre-revolutionary coin of 10 rubles. The artist of the drawing was the chief medalist of the mint, A. F. Vasyutinskiy (also the author of the final version of the Order of Lenin and the first badge of the TRP). The face side of the coin depicted the emblem of the RSFSR; on the reverse was a farmer-sower, modeled from the sculpture, I. D. Shadra (the model was two peasants in the village of Pragovaya Shadrinsky Perfiliya Petrovich Kalganov and Kipriyan Kirillovich Avdeev), which now are in the Tretyakov Gallery. All the chervontsy of this period are dated from 1923.

Metal chervonets were mainly used by the Soviet government for foreign trade operations, but some of the coins also had circulation within Russia. Coins were usually issued in Moscow and from there spread throughout the country. With the beginning of the issue of metal gold chervonets for calculations with foreign countries, this incident is connected: Western countries have resolutely refused to accept these coins, since they depicted Soviet symbols. The exit was found instantly – the Soviet Mint began issuing a gold chervonts sample of Nicholas II, unconditionally accepted abroad. Thus, the Soviet government bought the necessary goods abroad for coins depicting the deposed tsar.

In 1924, after the formation of the USSR, it was decided to issue a new type of coins, on which the coat of arms of the RSFSR was replaced by the USSR coat of arms, but only test specimens were issued, they were dated 1925 and had exceptional rarity. The refusal of the metal chervonets was explained by the fact that the financial system of the country was sufficiently strong enough to give up free circulation of gold. In addition, abroad, seeing the strengthening of the chervonets, traders refused to calculate in a gold coin in favor of gold bars or foreign currency.

After the NEP

The collapse of NEP and the beginning of industrialization made the metal chervonets unnecessary for the economic system of the USSR. The course of the chervonets fell to 5.4 rubles per dollar and subsequently ceased to be quoted abroad.[21] In order to unify the financial system, the ruble was tied to a paper chervontsy. Already in 1925, one chervonets was equal to 10 rubles. Subsequently, the import and export of gold chervonets from the USSR was banned.

In 1937 a new series of banknotes in denominations of 1, 3, 5 and 10 chervonets were issued. They were the first to show a portrait of Lenin.

This was an exceptionally rare sample of copper for 1925; in all respects it was completely identical to a similar gold coin. In April 2008 it was sold at a Moscow auction for 5 million rubles (about $165,000).

World War II

Most of the territory of the USSR was occupied by the Germans during the war. The legal chervonets remained at the rate of 10 rubles = 1 Reichsmark. The paradox – the wages of collaborators: policemen, burgomasters, etc., all who collaborated with the German occupation authorities. In 1941-1943 they were most often paid with Soviet "Stalin" rubles from the 1937 model with portraits of Lenin (chervontsi), depicting the Red Army soldiers and Soviet military pilots who fought against them (treasury tickets).

Since chervontsy walked on both sides of the front, and the Reichsmark's course was artificially overvalued by the Germans (accordingly, the chervonetz is understated), prices on the Soviet side were lower than in Germany. This meant that when a city was liberated from the occupiers, prices in the local market were immediately reduced, sometimes up to three times, which was positively perceived by the local population.

The course of the chervonetz on the German side: on the black market it often differed from the official one. The coin was equal to one Reichsmark only in the period of the greatest successes of the German troops (in 1942). With the successes of the same Soviet troops it became higher.

Chervontsy had circulation on the territory of the USSR until the monetary reform of 1947, when old banknotes were replaced by new ones, expressed in rubles. The exchange took place in a ratio of 10:1. The old chervonets, which previously corresponded to 10 rubles, was equated to one new ruble.

The 1980 Olympics

From 1975 to 1982, the State Bank of the USSR issued the 1923 model of the chervonets coin with the emblem of the RSFSR and new dates, there were a total of 7,350,000 copies in circulation.[22]

It is believed that the issue of these coins were timed to the Olympics in Moscow (1980). These coins were also a legal means of payment, and mandatory for admission throughout the USSR, such as jubilee coins made of precious metals. They were sold to foreign tourists and used in foreign trade operations.

Since the mid 1990s, the "Olympic chervontsy" have been sold by the Central Bank as investment coins. By the decision of the Central Bank in 2001 they were made a legal tender in the territory of the Russian Federation together with a silver coin with a nominal value of 3 rubles known as "Sable".[23]

At the moment, "newly-made" chervontsy were used as investment coins and were implemented by a number of banks – both Russian and foreign.

Uses of the word

• Today, in everyday life "Chervontsy" or "chirikami" are called banknotes with a nominal value of ten units. This applies not only to Russian, Tajik, and Transnistrian rubles, but also to modern banknotes with values of 10 hryvnias, euros or dollars. Among other things, having a reddish tinge, distinguished Tsarist and Soviet as banknotes with a face value of 10 rubles.
• In Russian criminal argot, "chervonets" refers to ten years of imprisonment.[24]
• The saying, "I'm not a chervonets, to please everyone" reflects the high value of the gold coin with this denomination.
• In Mikhail Bulgakov's play "Zoikin's Flat" (1926), Soviet chervontsy in the Nepmen slang of the 1920s are called "worms" (chervi or chervyaki in Russian) as a play on words.

This is the end of the translated text of the Russian Wikipedia version.

Chervonets (Russian: червонец, IPA: [t͡ɕɪrˈvonʲɪt͡s]) is a former currency of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. Originally a term for coins of purer alloy (the name derives from "червонное золото" ("chervonnoye zoloto") meaning red gold), the name was later applied to various sums in Russian rubles.

Russian Empire chervonets

The term comes from Polish czerwony złoty. Before the reign of Peter I, the name chervonets was applied to various foreign gold coins in circulation in Russia, mostly Dutch ducats and Venetian sequins. In 1701, Russia introduced its own gold chervonets, which had the same mass (3.47 g) and alloy (.986) as the ducat. Unlike the gold coins minted in Russia from the 15th to the 17th centuries, which were used as awards only, the chervonets of Peter I took their place in the monetary system and were used in foreign trade. Chervontsy were minted until 1757, when they were displaced by the golden ruble (with a lower alloy) and by counterfeits of the Dutch ducat, which by then met the demand for trade in gold coins.

Under Nicolas II, the finance minister Sergei Witte conducted a currency reform[25] and 10-ruble gold coin (Nicolas II chervonets) started to be used in parallel with gold imperial (15-ruble gold coin) as a principal legal tender of the Russian golden standard. The mintage of 10 ruble coins from 1897 to 1911 was over 40 million pieces. Gold coins were in circulation and could be exchanged for banknotes of the same denomination without restrictions. On the 23 July/ 5 August 1914 a paper-to-gold exchange was suspended "temporarily" and never restored.

Soviet Union

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Chervonets 1922

In 1922, during the civil war, the Soviet government tried to enforce Communist economic ideals and eliminate debt through systematic devaluation of the ruble and its associated currencies (various forms of Imperial ruble, kerenki and later sovznaki).[26] Meanwhile, the authorities introduced a parallel currency, called the chervonets, which was fully convertible and backed by the gold standard. The chervonets existed in paper form (for domestic circulation) and as gold coins (for international payments). These coins contained 8.6 g of .900 alloy, and fetched a high rate on the foreign stock exchanges, allowing the financing of the Soviet Union's New Economic Policy. 2,751,200 coins with the year 1923 on the reverse were minted in 1923 (1,113,200 pieces) and 1924 (1,638,000 pieces).

With the creation of the Soviet Union (USSR) new national symbols were introduced, reflected in the design of Soviet coins. By February 1925, chervonets coins featuring the insignia of the Soviet Union had been designed, and a limited number of test coins dated 1925 were struck. However, these were not mass-produced owing to low perceived demand for them from the main international trading partners of the Soviet Union.

Original gold chervonets coins were minted in 1923 and 1925. Very few chervonets coins remain from 1923 (almost all coins, which were not sold abroad and remained in state vaults, were recast into bars or used in production of Soviet military orders) and they have recently sold for over $7,000. There is widespread misconception about the 1925 issue: all English sources copy each other and say that only one gold chervonets from 1925 survived, but this is not entirely true (see on locations below). At an auction in April 2008 in Moscow, a single surviving production sample copper chervonets from 1925 with slightly modified design from 1923 appeared. It showed the letters SSSR (Russian: СССР) instead of RSFSR (Russian: РСФСР), and introduced a new coat of arms (which only featured the first seven Soviet republics, whereas by 1939 the USSR had fifteen). This copper sample sold for $200,000.

After the introduction in the United Kingdom of the Gold Standard Act 1925,[27] which established a new procedure for buy-sell operations with gold, the gold coins issued after 1914 ceased to be accepted by the Bank of England. As a result, interest in the Soviet chervonets in Europe fell sharply. To obtain much-needed foreign currency, the Soviet Government decided to strike 10-ruble coins in the pre-revolutionary design, bearing the portrait of the murdered Tsar Nicholas II. These coins were accepted without problems. Six hundred thousand gold 10-ruble coins were struck in 1925 from the old dies which had survived the 1917 Revolution and the subsequent civil war. These coins were dated 1911. The following year, 1926, the government minted a further 1,411,000 of the same coins, as well as 1,000,000 gold 5-ruble coins dated 1898 on the reverse and again with the portrait of Nicholas II on the obverse. The transition of the European currency system in the second half of the 1920s to a gold bullion standard led to a minimum volume requirement of 400 troy ounces for inter-bank gold deals. This resulted in the increased use of bullion bars and rendered it pointless to mint precious metal coins for international payments. A part of residual coins with the tsar portrait was used by Soviet intelligence agents in secret operations abroad.

Before industrialisation the value of the chervonets was pegged at 10 rubles, and production of gold coins ceased.

In 1930 the chervonets was withdrawn from the foreign payments turnover and its quotation on international currency exchanges was ceased.[28]

As of today, there exist five known gold chervontsy from 1925. All are located in Moscow. Three are stored in the museum of Goznak, Russia's official mint. The other two are in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts.

1930s and later

Ten-chervonets note, 1937

A 1976 remint of a 1923 Soviet Russian golden chervonets (10 roubles)

.

In 1937 one-, three-, five-, and ten-chervonets banknotes in new design were issued, and Lenin's portrait first appeared on chervonets banknotes. But inscription on gold equivalent of chervonets was replaced with information that banknotes are backed with gold, precious metals and other assets of the State Bank.

The chervonets was suspended entirely after the monetary reform of 1947. However, a large number of golden chervontsy were struck in the 1920s design before the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, for sale to collectors (1,000,000 coins of proof quality dated 1980) and businesses (6,565,000 uncirculated coins, dated 1975–1982[29]). It was hoped that the Soviet chervontsy would compete with the South African Kruggerand, the popular bullion coin of the time. This issue contains 8.6026 g of .900 fine gold (0.2489 troy ounces).[30]

In 1995 the Central Bank of the Russian Federation launched sales of 1975−1982 gold-chervonets bullion coins to Russian commercial banks. In 2001 the late-Soviet gold chervonets was granted the status of a legal tender by the Central Bank and turned into an official investment coin. In the middle of the 2000s the stock of gold chervonets in the Central Bank's vaults came to the end, and a minting of a new investment gold coin, Saint George the Victorious, was started in 2006.

See also

• Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia

Footnotes

1. Зварич, В. В. (1980). Нумизматический словарь.
2. Зварич, В.В (1980). ЧЕРВОНЕЦ.
3. Фенглер, Х (1993). Червонец.
4. CH, 1993, <<ДУКАТ>>, <<ФЛОРИН>>, <<ЦЕХИН>>, <<ЧЕРВОНЕЦ>>, <<золотой>>, <<ЗЛОТЫЙ>>, <<ФОРИНТ>>, <<ГУЛЬДЕН>>, <<ГОЛЬДГУЛЬДЕН>>, <<ТОРГОВЫЙ ДУКАТ>>
5. HC, 1980, «Дукат», «Флорин», «Цехин», «Червонец», «Злотый», «Форинт», «Гульден», «Золотая кроновая валюта».
6. Х. Фенглер, Г. Гироу, В. Унгер. Словарь нумизмата. — М.: Радио и связь, 1982.
7. Первая русская золотая монета продана на аукционе за 1 250 000 рублей.
8. Описан В. В. Уздениковым, «Монеты России 1700—1917», М.: 2004, стр. 109, 161, 171
9. Uzenikov, V. (1992). Coins of Russia. Moscow: DateStroi. ISBN 5-7130-0026-5.
10. Platinum coins: history, collecting, prices Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine - article from the magazine "Antiques, art and collectibles" № 7-8 (9), 2003.
11. Спасский, 1962, «Голландские червонцы».
12. CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee. - 8 th ed. - Moscow: Politizdat, 1970. - Volume 2
13. First paper hryvnia. (electronic version of the article)
14. «Конец коммунизма: 95 лет советскому червонцу», BBC, 27.11.2017
15. «Конец коммунизма: 95 лет советскому червонцу», BBC, 27.11.2017
16. Глейзер М. Советский червонец.
17. Vermush G. Scams with counterfeit money. From the history of counterfeit currency: Scam around chervontsov. - Trans. with him. - Moscow: International Relations, 1990. - 224 s electronic version of the book chapter
18. Глейзер М. Советский червонец.
19. Glaser M. Soviet Soviet chervonets .
20. Glaser M. Soviet Soviet chervonets .
21. "Letting in rubles. Imperial policy has always prevented the strengthening of the Russian ruble. " - A. Dmitriev's article.
22. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2018-04-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
23. "Letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of July 3, 2001". Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
24. Dictionary thieves' jargon
25. Count Sergei Witte and the Twilight of Imperial Russia: A Biography
26. Nenovsky, Nikolay (2006). "Lenin and the currency competition: reflections on the NEP experience 1922–1924 (ICER Working Paper 22/2006)" (PDF). Turin: International Centre for Economic Research. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
27. The Heyday of the Gold Standard 1820−1930
28. The State Bank of the USSR
29. Investment Coin One Chervonets Archived January 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
30. Gold Russian Chervonetz

External links

• Монеты России и СССР
• http://www.numizmat.net/news/detail.php?ID=9876 (Russian website)
• 1 Chervonets 1937