Charlotte Hill

Charlotte Hill (1849–1930) was a homesteader born in Indiana who contributed to paleontology through finding several significant fossil within the Florissant Fossil Beds. She sold many fossils to other collectors and investigators to earn money on the side.[1] Her most significant discovery was the Persephone butterfly near Florissant, Colorado.[2] Charlotte's discoveries brought attention to Florissant as an important location for fossils, and her findings created an impetus for recognition of the fossil beds as a national monument within the United States of America.[3] Many of her collected fossils now reside in the Harvard University museum and the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History.[4]

Charlotte Hill
Homesteader, Charlotte Hill (1849-1930)
BornFebruary 15, 1849
Indiana
Died1930
California
OccupationSpecimen collector
Spouse(s)Adam Hill
Children7

The fossil rose Rosa hilliae was named after Charlotte Hill in 1883.[5]

Early life

Hill was born on February 15, 1849 in Indiana.[6] She migrated west from Indiana, pioneering into the then new settlement of Colorado City in 1874. Charlotte married her husband Adam Hill at the age of thirteen, where they then both built their home in Florissant in 1874 and filed a homestead claim in 1880.[7] The Homestead Act of 1862 is how most of the private land in the midwestern United States became the private land of homesteaders to encourage farming. This included private ownership by single women and freed slaves.[8] Together the couple raised seven children, two of whom died at young ages.[6] Children's names were Hiram (age 12), Walter (age 10), Margaret (age 5) and Mable (age 1). According to the 1880 census, Charlotte's occupation listed on the same census was “Keeps House”, while her husband Adam's occupation was listed as “collects specimens”. Another child Minnie Bell died December 1877 at 11 years old. Two other children had died previously.[9] Furthermore, Charlotte's brother, John D. Coplen, helped to form the Colorado Museum Association in 1883 to transport petrified stumps to city museums along with fossils to be displayed and later opened “Coplen’s Petrified Forest”. A resort for tourists to stay and collect fossils, hosting approximately 3,000 visitors in 1924.[10] Charlotte Hill's museum in Colorado City was one of 14 businesses listed in the 1984 Colorado City business directory, displaying specimens from the Florissant fossil beds.[11] Colorado City is where Hill's interest of fossils first began as the city is just beside the Florissant Fossil Beds.

Work

The mid 1870s led to a historic boom surrounding the florissant fossil beds, which ultimately led to two highly notable scientific finds. In the summer of 1877, 18 princeton students and two professors made their way down to the fossil beds. The trip was led by three of the involved students; Henry Fairfield Osborn, William Berryman Scott, and Francis Speir. When the princeton students arrived in Colorado they met with Charlotte Hill who showed them an impressive fossil collection, containing hundreds of perfectly preserved species of insects and leaves. The Princeton students took many of these fossils back home for study, and also excavated several leaf and fish fossils of their own, during their time in Florissant. Many of these shared discoveries went on to become important type specimens for the descriptions of new species.[12] In the same summer, Hill met scientists, Samuel H. Scudder and Arthur Lakes, who were amazed by her large collection of fossils. With Hill's help Scudder and Lakes were able to conduct a large scale dig close to the Hill's homestead. The excavation consisted of the digging of a huge trench, in which researchers were able to find fossils within delicate shale beds, by cracking the shale in half. However, many fossils were lost during this process, as shale becomes very delicate when exposed to the elements and would often crumble with fossils still hidden inside of it. In turn, Leo Lesquereux's 1883 monograph described and named many new specimens obtained by Scudder, and the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877 which purchased fossils from Hill. In 1890, Scudder, published a monograph detailing several prominent finds from Florissant entitled The Tertiary Insects of North America. The monograph was a jaw dropping size of seven hundred and thirty four pages, and weighed an astonishing seven pounds. The study of butterflies were of particular interest to Scudder, and his work helped to make Hill's perfectly preserved Prodryas Persephone famous.[12] In the 1880 census Adam and Charlotte listed their profession as specimen collectors and began selling their finds to educational institutions and tourists. Charlotte kept a small museum in their family home, built by Adam Hill in 1874.[1] Specimen collection and sale became a profession for many as homesteaders, academics, and tourists scavenged the fossil rich land, situated just south of Hill's home, beside the large petrified base of a Sequoia stump, known as "The Big Stump". The Florissant Fossil Beds were heavily exploited during this time and this meant that thousands of potentially useful fossils disappeared into the hands of private owners, never to be seen again by the scientific world. With the introduction of the railway, thousands of tourists flooded the area and these scientific loses only grew.[12] It wouldn't be until 1915, when Dinosaur National Monument was established by the U.S government, that similar conservation concerns would be expressed towards Florissant. The area would not be named a protected national monument until 1969.[13]

Personal life

Hill passed away in California in 1930.[14]

Legacy

A monument was unveiled on Charlottes 160th birthday in 2009, recognizing her accomplishments and impact on the collection of fossils and the establishment of the Florissant Fossil Beds.[15]

References
  1. Meyer, Herbert William; Smith, Dena M. (2008-01-01). Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado. Geological Society of America. ISBN 9780813724355.
  2. "Charlotte Hill - Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  3. "Florissant Fossil Beds". National Park Service. February 24, 2014.
  4. Meyer, Herbert William; Smith, Dena M. (2008-01-01). Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado. Geological Society of America. ISBN 9780813724355.
  5. Meyer and Whitmore. "Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument" (PDF).
  6. "PIONEER PALEONTOLOGY OUT OF COLORADO CITY". www.mycoloradogazette.com. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
  7. Meyer. "The Homesteader Who Made the Difference: Charlotte Hill's Role in Unveiling Florissant's Place in World Fame" (PDF).
  8. https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. Meyer. "The Homesteader Who Made the Difference: Charlotte Hill's Role in Unveiling Florissant's Place in World Fame" (PDF).
  10. Simons. "John D. Coplen (Charlotte Hill's Brother) - Petrified Forest Preservationist" (PDF).
  11. http://www.mycoloradogazette.com/group/oldcoloradocity/forum/topics/pioneer-paleontology-out-of. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. Meyer. Saved in Time: The Fight to Establish Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 22–36.
  13. "Citizens, Scientists, and Lawyers Make a Monument". Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  14. Meyer, Herb; Whitmore, Christina (April 2009). "A Brief Biography of Charlotte Hill" (PDF).
  15. Meyer, Herb. "The Homesteader Who Made The Difference: Charlotte Hill's Role in Unveiling Florissant's Place in World Fame" (PDF).
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