Chalcidian League

The Chalcidian League (Greek: Κοινόν τῶν Χαλκιδέων, Koinon tōn Chalkideōn, "League of the Chalcidians"), also referred to as the Olynthians[1] or the Chalcidians in Thrace (Χαλκιδεῖς ἐπί Θρᾴκης, Chalkideis epi Thrakēs)[2] to distinguish them from the Chalcidians in Euboea,[3] was a federal state that existed on the Chalcidice peninsula, on the shores of the northwest Aegean Sea, from around 430 BC until it was destroyed by Philip II of Macedon in 348 BC.

History
Further information: History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia and the Chalcidice

In the spring of 432 BC, during the first phase of the Peloponnesian War, several cities of Chalcidice broke away from the Athenian-dominated Delian League. The inhabitants of these cities abandoned them and moved to Olynthos in an act of synoecism, forming a single state and adopting the demonym "Chalcidians".[4] Exactly what form it took is a matter of academic dispute.[5] By the terms of the Peace of Nicias of 421 BC, Athens and Sparta agreed that it should be broken up, but it seems clear that Athens failed to enforce this.[5] Luckily for the Chalcidians, the attention of the two great powers was soon diverted away from them—indeed for this reason nothing is heard of Olynthos and the Chalcidians until 393/2 BC— and the Spartan governors installed by Brasidas were soon withdrawn.[6]

In the aftermath of the Peace of Nicias, the city-states of Argilus, Akanthos, and Stageira, as well as other unnamed ones, joined. The League continued to expand in the early 4th century BC.[4] In 393/2, Amyntas III of Macedon temporarily transferred some territory to Olynthos, during a period when he was driven out of Macedon by the Illyrians. It was restored when Amyntas regained power. Eight years later, Amyntas, who was again in trouble, handed over territory, this time to the entire League. The League were not so ready to return what they held, which now included Pella, the Macedonian capital.[6] In 383, Amyntas appealed to Sparta and at the same time a similar appeal came from Akanthos and Apollonia, two League members who claimed that membership of the League was not voluntary but had been forced upon them at the point of the sword.[7] Sparta was keen to respond to the request. Among Sparta's allies there was no animosity against the Chalcidian League. Nevertheless, when the question was put, fear of annoying Sparta ensured that the proposal was carried, and a force of 10,000 was authorized to be sent.[8] An advance force of 2,000 was sent under Eudamidas which succeeded in separating Potidaea from the League.[9]

The fighting was long and arduous.[10] Teleutias, the half-brother of the Spartan king, Agesilaus II, was killed and King Agesipolis suffered heavy losses before dying of fever.[11] However, in 379 BC the cities of the former League became "autonomous" and subject allies of Sparta.[12] Freeman [who is Freeman?] regards the Spartan dissolution of the League as one of the most "calamitous events" in Hellenic history for, in his view, the League uniting the northern Greek cities with the most Hellenised cities of Macedonia would have prevented the rise of Philip II of Macedon.[13]

Already in 375 BC the Chalcidians threw off Spartan control and re-established the League, joining the Second Athenian League.[14] They soon fell out with Athens over control of Amphipolis, and in the subsequent war lost a number of cities, including Torone and Potidaea.[15] As a result the Chalcidians allied themselves with Philip II of Macedon, and the League once again expanded to include 34 cities, but in 348 BC Philip captured and destroyed Olynthos, putting an end to the League.[15]

Internal organization

The actual form of the League is uncertain. It seems it was a genuinely federal state (sympoliteia), although Olynthos played the dominant role. The League had a federal citizenship, common laws, foreign policy, coinage, and military. There was a citizen assembly that also had judicial functions. The League was apparently headed by an eponymous official, possibly a strategos.[15] Its constitution was probably based on the Boeotian League. Political rights are likely to have been reserved to a group of 8000 designated by a property qualification.[6] It included most but not all the Euboean colonies of Chalcidice. The symbol of the Chalcidians was the lyre, struck upon the coins the League.

See also

Notes
  1. In Greek and Roman historiography, during this period, Olynthians refers mainly to the League, rather the citizens of Olynthus (see Justin 7.4.6)
  2. IG II² 36
  3. Bakhuizen & Kreulen 1976, p. 14.
  4. Schwahn 1931, col. 1193.
  5. Cartledge 1987, p. 268.
  6. Cartledge 1987, p. 269.
  7. The Historians' History of the World, editor: Henry Smith Williams, vol. 4 pp. 129-30
  8. History of Greece by G. Grote, 1862, vol. 9, p. 49
  9. Xenophon, Hellenica 5.2
  10. Cartledge 1987, p. 271.
  11. Cartledge 1987, pp. 373–374.
  12. Cartledge 1987, p. 279.
  13. History of federal government, Edward Augustus Freeman, p. 191
  14. Schwahn 1931, col. 1193–1194.
  15. Schwahn 1931, col. 1194.

Sources
  • Bakhuizen, Simon C.; Kreulen, R. (1976). Chalcis-in-Euboea: Iron and Chalcidians Abroad. Leiden: Brill Archive. ISBN 9789004045460.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Cartledge, Paul (1987). Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta. Duckworth. ISBN 9780715620823.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Schwahn, Walther (1931). "Sympoliteia". Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Band IV, Halbband 7, Stoa–Symposion. col. 1171–1266.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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