Ceratophyllum demersum

Ceratophyllum demersum, commonly known as hornwort, rigid hornwort,[1] coontail, or coon's tail,[2] is a species of Ceratophyllum. It is a submerged, free-floating aquatic plant, with a cosmopolitan distribution, native to all continents except Antarctica. It is a harmful introduced weed in New Zealand.[2] It is also a popular aquarium plant.

Ceratophyllum demersum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Ceratophyllales
Family: Ceratophyllaceae
Genus: Ceratophyllum
Species:
C. demersum
Binomial name
Ceratophyllum demersum

Description

An aquatic plant, Ceratophyllum demersum has stems that reach lengths of 1–3 m (3–10 ft), with numerous side shoots making a single specimen appear as a large, bushy mass. The leaves are produced in whorls of six to twelve, each leaf 8–40 mm long, simple, or forked into two to eight thread-like segments edged with spiny teeth; they are stiff and brittle. It is monoecious, with separate male and female flowers produced on the same plant. The flowers are small, 2 mm long, with eight or more greenish-brown petals; they are produced in the leaf axils. The fruit is a small nut 4–5 mm long, usually with three spines, two basal and one apical, 1–12 mm long. Plants with the two basal nut spines very short are sometimes distinguished as Ceratophyllum demersum var. apiculatum (Cham.) Asch., and those with no basal spines sometimes distinguished as Ceratophyllum demersum var. inerme Gay ex Radcl.-Sm.[3][4][5][6][7] It can form turions: buds that sink to the bottom of the water that stay there during the winter and form new plants in spring.

Distribution and habitat

Ceratophyllum demersum grows in lakes, ponds, and quiet streams with summer water temperatures of 15-30 °C and a rich nutrient status. In North America, it occurs in the entire US and Canada, except Newfoundland.[8] In Europe, it has been reported as far north as at a latitude of 66 degrees in Norway.[9] Other reported occurrences include China, Siberia (at 66 degrees North), Burkina Faso and in the Volta River in Ghana (Africa), Vietnam, and New Zealand (introduced).[10] Ceratophyllum demersum grows in still or very slow-moving water.

Invasive status

Hornwort is a declared weed under the Tasmanian Weed Management Act 1999 in Tasmania, Australia,[11] and is classed as an unwanted organism in New Zealand.[12]

Ecology

C. demersum has allelopathic qualities as it excretes substances that inhibit the growth of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).[2][13] Its dense growth can outcompete native underwater vegetation, leading to loss of biodiversity. In New Zealand, it has caused problems with hydroelectric power plants.[2]

Cultivation and uses

This species is often used as a floating freshwater plant in both coldwater and tropical aquaria. Though without roots, it may attach itself to the substrate or objects in the aquarium. Its fluffy, filamentous, bright-green leaves provide excellent cover for newly hatched fish. It is propagated by cuttings.[14] It is frequently used as a model organism for studies of plant physiology.[15] One of the reasons for this is that it allows studies on shoot effects without influence of a root, which often makes interpretation of nutrition and toxicity experiments difficult in terrestrial plants. As it is free floating and therefore does not require a solid substrate, it has been used successfully in the biological life support systems "Aquarack/CEBAS" and "Omegahab" on space flights [16][17][18]

In aquaria this plant appears to drop all its leaves when exposed to products designed to kill snails. The stems can recover relatively quickly, growing new leaves within a few weeks.

References
  1. "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. Ceratophyllum demersum on the Global Invasive Species database (2006).
  3. Flora of China: Ceratophyllum demersum
  4. Flora of North America: Ceratophyllum demersum
  5. Flora of NW Europe: Ceratophyllum demersum
  6. Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
  7. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  8. USDA PLANTS database on C. demersum as of 2011.
  9. ISSG database, reports in Norway (based on Mjelde, 1997)
  10. ISSG: distribution of C. demersum
  11. "Hornwort". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  12. "Hornwort". MPI Biosecurity New Zealand. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  13. "Cyanobacteria (Blue-green Algae)".
  14. Hiscock, P. (2003). Encyclopedia of Aquarium Plants. Interpret Publishing, United States and Canada ISBN 0-7641-5521-0.
  15. "Google Scholar".
  16. Blüm V, Stretzke E, Kreuzberg K (1994) CEBAS-aquarack project - the mini-module as tool in artificial ecosystem research. Acta Astronautica 33: 167–177
  17. Voeste D, Levine LH, Levine HG, Blüm V (2003) Pigment composition and concentrations within the plant (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) component of the STS-89 C.E.B.A.S. Mini-Module spaceflight experiment. Advances in Space Research 31, 211-214
  18. "Landing of Bion-M No. 1 satellite". Archived from the original on 2013-06-09. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
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