Center for Science in the Public Interest

The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit watchdog and consumer advocacy group that advocates for safer and healthier foods.

"CSPI" redirects here. For the Canadian school district, see Commission scolaire de la Pointe-de-l'Île.

Center for Science in the Public Interest
AbbreviationCSPI
Formation1971
TypeNon-profit
PurposeConsumer advocacy
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Region served
United States
Websitecspinet.org

History and funding

CSPI is a consumer advocacy organization. Its focus is nutrition and health, food safety, and alcohol policy. CSPI was headed by the microbiologist Michael F. Jacobson, who founded the group in 1971[1] along with the meteorologist James Sullivan and the chemist Albert Fritsch, two fellow scientists from Ralph Nader's Center for the Study of Responsive Law.[2] In the early days, CSPI focused on various aspects such as nutrition, environmental issues, and nuclear energy. However, after the 1977 departure of Fritsch and Sullivan, CSPI began to focus largely on nutrition and food safety[3] and began publishing nutritional analyses and critiques.[1]

CSPI has 501(c)(3) status. Its chief source of income is its Nutrition Action Healthletter, which has about 900,000 subscribers and does not accept advertising.[4][5] The organization receives about 5 to 10 percent of its $17 million annual budget from grants by private foundations.

CSPI has more than sixty staff-members and an annual budget from over $20 million.[2]

Jacobson now serves as a Senior Scientist at CSPI, with Peter Lurie acting as the organization's current President.

Programs and campaigns

Nutrition and food labeling

CSPI advocates for clearer nutrition and food labeling.[6] For example, labeling of "low-fat" or "heart healthy" foods in restaurants must now meet specific requirements established by the Food and Drug Administration as of May 2, 1997.[7]

In 1994, the group first brought the issue of high saturated fat in movie popcorn to the public attention.[8]

In 1975, CSPI published a "White Paper on Infant Feeding Practices" aimed at criticizing the commercial baby food industry's products and advertising. The White Paper started a formalized, political discussion of issues surrounding early introduction of solid foods and the extraordinarily processed ingredients in commercial baby food. CSPI took particular issue with the modified starches, excessive sugar and salt additions, and presence of nitrates in baby food products. In addition, the White Paper criticized branding and advertisements on products, which they argued lead mothers to believe that solid foods ought to be introduced earlier in an infant's diet.[9]

In 1989, CSPI was instrumental in convincing fast-food restaurants to stop using animal fat for frying. They would later campaign against the use of trans fats.[10]

CSPI's 1994 petition led to FDA's 2003 regulation requiring trans fat to be disclosed on food labels. CSPI's 2004 petition, as well as a later one from a University of Illinois professor, led to the FDA's ban of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, the major source of artificial trans fat. [11]

In 1998, the Center published a report entitled Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health. It examined statistics relating to the soaring consumption of soft drinks, particularly by children, and the consequent health ramifications including tooth decay, nutritional depletion, obesity, type-2 (formerly known as "adult-onset") diabetes, and heart disease. It also reviewed soft drink marketing and made various recommendations aimed at reducing soft drink consumption, in schools and elsewhere. A second, updated edition of the report was published in 2005.[12] Among the actions they advocate are taxing soft drinks.[13] Sugar-sweetened beverages are taxed in Berkeley, CA; Philadelphia, PA; Boulder, CO; San Francisco, CA; Oakland, CA; Albany, CA; and Cook County, IL. [14] Seattle introduced a city-wide comprehensive sugary drinks tax in 2019. CSPI followed up with a 2013 petition calling on the FDA to limit the sugar content of soft drinks and to set voluntary targets for sugar levels in other foods with added sugars. [15]

In 2003, it worked with lawyer John F. Banzhaf III to pressure ice cream retailers to display nutritional information about their products.[16]

In January 2016, the Center released a report entitled Seeing Red - Time for Action on Food Dyes[17] which criticized the continued use of artificial food coloring in the United States. The report estimated that over half a million children in the United States suffer adverse behavioral reactions as a result of ingesting food dyes, with an estimated cost exceeding $5 billion per year, citing data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The report urges the Food and Drug Administration to take action to ban or curtail the use of such dyes.[18] CSPI has urged companies to replace synthetic colorings with natural ones, and Mars,[19] General Mills,[20] and other major food manufacturers [21] have begun doing so.

School foods

CSPI has worked since the 1970s to improve the nutritional quality of school meals, and remove soda and unhealthy foods from school vending machines, snack bars, and a la carte lines. Despite pushback from the soda and snack food industries, CSPI successfully worked with a number of local school districts and states to pass policies in the early 2000s to restrict the sale of soda and other unhealthy snack foods in schools.[22] In 2004, CSPI worked with members of the National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity (NANA) (a CSPI-led coalition) to include a provision in the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 to ensure all local school districts develop a nutrition and physical activity wellness policy by 2006.[23]

In 2010, CSPI and NANA led the successful effort to pass the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, a landmark law to improve child nutrition programs. The law (enacted 12/13/10) authorized the U.S. Department of Agriculture to update the nutrition standards for snacks and beverages sold in schools through vending machines, a la carte lines, school stores, fundraisers, and other school venues. CSPI worked with NANA to mobilize support for the updated nutrition standards and urge the USDA to adopt strong final school nutrition standards (released in June 2013). Despite opposition from some members of Congress and the potato and pizza industries (which lobbied for unlimited french fries and ketchup as a vegetable in school meals) CSPI and NANA's efforts also resulted in strong nutrition standards for school lunches.[24]

One of CSPI's top goals has been to ensure that consumers have reliable information about what they eat and drink. Since the early 2000s, CSPI has worked with policymakers and advocates in Philadelphia, New York City, California, and numerous other jurisdictions to pass laws to list calories on menus and menu boards. In addition to making calorie information available to consumers, a key benefit of menu labeling has been the reformulation of existing food items and the introduction of nutritionally improved items in many chain restaurants.

In 2010, CSPI successfully lobbied for a provision, which was passed as part of the Affordable Care Act, to require calorie labeling on menus at chain restaurants and similar retail food establishments nationwide. The Food and Drug Administration proposed regulations for menu labeling in 2011, and CSPI has since worked to continue to mobilize support for national menu labeling, diffuse opposition from Congress and special interests, and encourage the FDA to strengthen the final regulations and release them in a timely manner. Menu labeling was implemented nationally in 2018.[25]

Food safety

One of CSPI's largest projects is its Food Safety Initiative, directed to reduce food contamination and foodborne illness. In addition to publishing Outbreak Alert!, a compilation of food-borne illnesses and outbreaks, the project advocated for the Food Safety Modernization Act, which was signed into law in 2011. The law refocused government attention on preventing food contamination rather than on identifying problems after they caused outbreaks of illnesses.[26][27][28]

Funding History of the CDC's Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CSPI has been working with other members of the National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity (NANA) to ensure that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has adequate resources to address nutrition, physical activity, and obesity. In recent years, funding for CDC's obesity prevention programs has flatlined, despite obesity continuing to be a top public health threat in the country. In fiscal year 2017, Congress provided CDC with just under $62 million for the Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity (DNPAO); that is a mere 0.7% of total CDC funding and 4% of CDC's chronic disease budget, significantly less than for cancer (30%), tobacco (18%), diabetes (14%), and heart disease and stroke (14%). [29] The NANA coalition has also been defending CDC's Prevention Fund, which has provided $1 billion per year in annual funding to support immunizations, education campaigns, and other measures to prevent illnesses and lower health-care costs.

Food Day: October 24
Food Day logo

Between 2011 and 2016, CSPI sponsored Food Day, a nationwide celebration of healthy, affordable, and sustainably produced food and a grassroots campaign for better food policies.[30]

Food Day's goal was to help people "Eat Real," which the project defined as cutting back on sugar drinks, overly salted packaged foods, and fatty, factory-farmed meats in favor of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and sustainably raised protein. This annual event involved some of the country's most prominent food activists,[31] united by a vision of food that is healthy, affordable, and produced with care for the environment, farm animals, and the people who grow, harvest, and serve it.

Across the country, several thousand events took place each year, from community festivals in Denver, Savannah, and New York City, to a national conference in Washington, DC, to thousands of school activities in Portland, Minneapolis, and elsewhere.[32]

Alcohol Policies Project

The group's "Alcohol Policies Project," now discontinued, advocated against what it considers adverse societal influences of alcohol, such as marketing campaigns that target young drinkers,[33] and promoted turning self-imposed advertising bans by alcohol industry groups into law.[34]

In 1985 CSPI organized Project SMART (Stop Marketing Alcohol on Radio and Television). It generated huge public interest, a petition campaign that obtained a million signatures, and congressional hearings. Members of the media joined the project, such as syndicated columnist Colman McCarthy.[35] However, strong opposition from the alcoholic beverage and advertising industries ultimately prevailed.

The Alcohol Policies Project organized the "Campaign for Alcohol-Free Sports TV". Launched in 2003 with the support of at least 80 other local and national groups, the campaign asked schools to pledge to prohibit alcohol advertising on local sports programming and to work toward eliminating alcohol advertising from televised college sports programs.[36] It also sought Congressional support for such a prohibition.[37] CSPI also sponsored Project SMART--Stop Marketing Alcohol on Radio and TV--which called for federal bans on marketing. The project gathered more than 1 million signatures on a petition, which it presented to Congress at a hearing. That effort was unsuccessful.

In addition, CSPI has pressured alcoholic beverage companies with lawsuits. In one such lawsuit, filed in September 2008, the Center "sue[d] MillerCoors Brewing Company over its malt beverage Sparks, arguing that the caffeine and guarana in the drink are additives that have not been approved by the FDA," and that the combination of those ingredients with alcohol resulted in "more drunk driving, more injuries, and more sexual assaults."[38]

1% or Less campaign

In the early 1990s, CSPI designed social marketing campaigns[39] to encourage adults and children (over age two) to switch from high-fat (whole and 2%) milk to low-fat (1% and fat-free) milk, alleging such a switch would lower their risk of heart disease by reducing saturated fat intake. The 1% or Less campaign used paid advertising, public relations, and community-based programs.[40] The campaign was effective in communities nationwide, doubling low-fat milk sales data over the course of the eight-week pilot campaign. Much of that change was maintained over a year.[41]

Current research as of 2018 suggests higher-fat-content dairy products carry greater nutritional benefit, with neutral impact on cardiovascular disease from milk, and neutral to favorable impact from fermented dairy products.[42][43]

Trans fats

During the 1980s, CSPI's campaign "Saturated Fat Attack" advocated the replacement of beef tallow, palm oil and coconut oil in processed foods and restaurant foods with fats containing less saturated fatty acids,[44] CSPI assumed that trans fats were benign.[45] In a 1986 book entitled "The Fast-Food Guide", it praised chains such as KFC that had converted to partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are lower in saturated fat but high in trans fat. As a result of this pressure, many restaurants such as McDonald's made the switch.[44]

After new scientific research in the early 1990s found that trans fat increased the risk of heart disease, CSPI began leading a successful two-decades-long effort to ban artificial trans fat. [46] From the mid-1990s onward, however, CSPI identified trans fats as the greater public health danger.[47] CSPI executive director Michael Jacobson went on record saying, "Twenty years ago, scientists (including me) thought trans [fat] was innocuous. Since then, we've learned otherwise."[44]

In response, three trade groups – the National Restaurant Association, the National Association of Margarine Manufacturers and the Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils — "said the evidence [on trans fat] was contradictory and inconclusive, and accused [CSPI] of jumping to a premature conclusion."[48]

In 1994, CSPI petitioned the FDA to require trans fat to be added to Nutrition Facts labels, and in 2004,[49] with stronger evidence of trans fat's harmfulness, CSPI petitioned FDA to ban partially hydrogenated oil, the source of most artificial trans fat. In 2003 FDA required trans fat to be labeled,[50] and in 2015[51] FDA banned the use of partially hydrogenated oil.

Opposition

Former U.S. Representative Bob Barr (a libertarian-leaning Republican) accused CSPI of pursuing "a pre-existing political agenda" and pointed to individual responsibility for dietary choices.[52] Cato Institute (a Washington D.C.-based libertarian think tank) scholar Walter Olson wrote that the group's "longtime shtick is to complain that businesses like McDonald's, rather than our own choices, are to blame for rising obesity," and called CSPI's suit against McDonald's for using toys to encourage young children to ask for the company's Happy Meals on behalf of a California mother a "new low in responsible parenting."[53]

In 2002, the Center for Consumer Freedom published a series of print and radio ads designed in part to drive traffic to the CCF website that provided additional critical information about CSPI. A San Francisco Chronicle article identified CSPI as "one of two groups singled out [by the CCF] for full-on attack," and said, "What's not mentioned on the [CCF] Web site is that it's one of a cluster of such nonprofits started... by Berman."[54][55]

References
  1. Smith, Andrew F. (2008). Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food. London. p. 37.
  2. Brobeck, Stephan; Mayer, Robert N. (2015). Watchdogs and Whistleblowers: A Reference Guide to Consumer Activism. p. 73.
  3. James Bennett & Thomas DiLorenzo, Food and Drink Police: Center for Science in the Public Interest wants government to control our eating habits, (Capital Research Center, 1998).
  4. "Nutrition Action Health Letter". Center for Science in the Public Interest.
  5. "Our Funding: CSPI Funding Sources". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  6. Masterson, K (October 14, 2007). "Food cop: Love him or hate him". Chicago Tribune.
  7. Kurtzweil, P. (July 1997). "Today's Special: Nutrition Information". FDA Consumer magazine (May–June 1997). Archived from the original on September 18, 2008.
  8. "Pulling the Curtains on Another CSPI Scare Campaign". Center for Consumer Freedom. March 4, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  9. Amy Bentley. "Inventing Baby Food: Taste, Health, and the Industrialization of the American Diet". University of California Press, 2014, p. 122.
  10. CSPI Accomplishments. "CSPI Accomplishments". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  11. "Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils". June 17, 2015.
  12. Michael F Jacobson PhD, Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health, (CSPI, Washington DC 1998; 2nd Ed. 2005).
  13. "Taxing Soda Could Trim State Deficits (and Waistlines), Says Report". April 1, 2010.
  14. "Comparing local soda taxes" (PDF). cspinet.org. 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
  15. "CSPI Petition to FDA re: Added Sugars" (PDF). Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  16. "CERTIFIED MAIL — RECEIPT REQUESTED" (PDF).
  17. "Seeing Red: Time for Action on Food Dyes - Center for Science in the Public Interest" (PDF). cspinet.org.
  18. "Color Wars re: Artificial Food Coloring CSPI releases report criticizing use of artificial colors in food". The National Law Review. Keller and Heckman LLP. January 21, 2016. ISSN 2161-3362. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  19. Incorporated, Mars. "Mars, Incorporated to remove all artificial colors from its human food portfolio". www.prnewswire.com.
  20. Hunt, Kevin (June 22, 2015). "A big commitment for Big G cereal".
  21. "Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins plan to remove artificial colorings from U.S. menus by end of 2018". Dunkin' Donuts.
  22. Morgan, Kevin; Sonnino, Roberta (2008). The School Food Revolution: Public Food and the Challenge of Sustainable Development. New York.
  23. "Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 | Center for Science in the Public Interest". cspinet.org. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  24. "How a Public Health Goal Became a National Law: The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010".
  25. "FDA Menu Labeling Requirements". FDA.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  26. Kraig, Bruce. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. p. 328.
  27. "The Food Safety Modernization Act – A Series on What is Essential for a Food Professional to Know" (PDF).
  28. Lytton, Timothy D. (2019). Outbreak: Foodborne Illness and the Struggle for Food Safety. Chicago/ London. p. 325.
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  30. "Food Day". October 24, 2013. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  31. "Food Day Advisory Board". October 24, 2013. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012.
  32. "University joins Food Day observance | Fitchburg State University". www.fitchburgstate.edu. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  33. Nat Ives. "The media business: Advertising; a trade group tries to wean the alcohol industry from full-figured twins and other racy images". New York Times. March 6, 2003.
  34. "Alcohol industry ends its ad ban in broadcasting", New York Times. November 8, 1996.
  35. Lerner, Barron H. (2011). One for the Road: Drunk Driving since 1900.
  36. "Colleges are reaching their limit on alcohol". USAToday. November 16, 2006.
  37. "Bill would ask N.C.A.A. to forgo alcohol ads". New York Times. March 9, 2005.
  38. Sullum, Jacob (February 16, 2011) Loco over Four Loko, Reason
  39. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  40. "A First Step Toward Healthy Eating:The 1% Or Less Handbook | Margo G. Wootan, D.Sc. Center for Science in the Public Interest" (PDF).
  41. "Promoting Consumption of Low-Fat Milk: The 1% or Less Social Marketing Campaign" (PDF).
  42. Ronan Lordan, Alexandros Tsoupras, Bhaskar Mitra & Ioannis Zabetakis (March 2018). "Dairy Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: Do We Really Need to be Concerned?". Foods. 7 (3): 29. doi:10.3390/foods7030029. PMC 5867544. PMID 29494487.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier, Didier Brassard, Maude Tessier-Grenier, Julie Anne Cote, Marie-Eve Labonte, Sophie Desroches, Patrick Couture & Benoit Lamarche (November 2016). "Systematic Review of the Association between Dairy Product Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular-Related Clinical Outcomes". Advances in Nutrition. 7 (6): 1026–1040. doi:10.3945/an.115.011403. PMC 5105032. PMID 28140321.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. David Schleifer (2012). "The Perfect Solution: How Trans Fats Became the Healthy Replacement for Saturated Fats". Technology and Culture. Columbia University. 53 (1): 94–119. doi:10.1353/tech.2012.0018. PMID 22530389. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  45. Blume, Elaine (March 1988). "The truth about trans: hydrogenated oils aren't guilty as charged". Nutrition Action Healthletter, published by CSPI. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  46. "FDA: Artificial Trans Fat Not Safe for Use in Food". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  47. Liebman, Bonnie (October 1, 1990). "Trans in trouble". Nutrition Action Healthletter. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  48. "Debate Flares on Fat From Hydrogenated Oils". New York Times. August 8, 1996. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
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  52. Barr, Bob (September 17, 2006). "Scientific Research Ruse". Washington Times. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
  53. Olson, Walter (December 15, 2010) McDonald's suit over Happy Meal toys by California mom Monet Parham new low in responsible parenting, New York Daily News
  54. Ness, Carol (May 11, 2002). "Hand that feeds bites back: Food industry forks over ad campaign to win hearts, stomachs". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  55. Krieger, James; Saelens, Brian. "Impact of Menu Labeling on Consumer Behavior: A 2008-2012 Update". Healthy Eating Research. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
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