Carretera Central (Puerto Rico)

The Carretera Central is a historic north–south central highway in Puerto Rico, linking the cities of San Juan and Ponce by way of Rio Piedras, Caguas, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Diaz. It crosses the Cordillera Central. Plans for the road started in the first half of the 19th century, and the road was fully completed in 1898.[2] At the time the United States took possession of Puerto Rico in 1898, the Americans called it "the finest road in the Western Hemisphere."[4]

Carretera Central
PR-1 / PR-14
Carretera Militar[1]
Route information
Maintained by Puerto Rico DTPW
Length134 km[2] (83 mi)
Existed1898–present
Major junctions
South endAvenida Eugenio María de Hostos in Playa
 
North endLa Fortaleza in San Juan Antiguo
Location
MunicipalitiesPonce, Juana Díaz, Coamo, Aibonito, Cayey, Cidra, Caguas, Guaynabo, San Juan
Highway system
LocationHighway 14 from Cayey boundary to Coamo boundary[lower-alpha 1]
Coordinates18°08′27″N 66°15′34″W
Built1846–1886
Built byThe Spanish administration
ArchitectEngineers:[3]
Raimundo Camprubí,
Enrique Gadea,
Manuel Maese,
Manuel López de Bayo
Timoteo Lubelza
NRHP reference No.100003686[lower-alpha 2]
Added to NRHPMay 2, 2019

A portion of the Carretera Central from partway through Caguas to the end of Juana Diaz was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2019.[5][6]

Route description

The highway runs from the north coast city of San Juan to the south coast city of Ponce via Rio Piedras, Caguas, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Diaz. The highway corridor is now signed as Puerto Rico Highway 14 from Ponce to Cayey, and as Puerto Rico Highway 1 from Cayey to San Juan.[2][7]

History

In the 1820s, the Spanish colonial government in Puerto Rico, under the direction of Governor Miguel de la Torre took the first steps for building a highway connecting the towns of San Juan and Rio Piedras [lower-alpha 3] and incorporating temporary wooden bridges for river crossings.[8]

During the 1830s an unpaved wagon road was built linking Ponce, Juana Diaz and Coamo to satisfy the commercial sugar production needs of that area.[8] In 1846 a new masonry bridge was built by Spanish engineer Santiago Cortijo to connect the capital city island of San Juan with the rest of the Puerto Rico mainland. Meanwhile, construction of a 41-kilometer macadam highway between San Juan and Caguas, designed by Colonel engineer Diego Galvez, was begun. Construction of the San Juan-Caguas span was first under the direction of Colonel Tulio O'Neill and was later completed, in 1853, under Commander Santiago Cortijo. After the completion of the bridge over the Rio Piedras river in 1853, the construction project completed bridges over Quebrada Frailes in 1855, the Concepcion bridge over Caguas's Rio Cañas in 1856, and the bridge over the Caguas's Cagüitas River in 1857.[9]

In 1858 Puerto Rican civil engineer Timoteo Luberza designed the paved highway between Coamo, at the southern foothills of Cordillera Central, and Juana Diaz, its first neighboring town due southwest, for the municipality of Coamo. Three years later, by 1861, a fair portion of this highway had already been completed.[9]

The most challenging segment of Carretera Central, the one involving the mountainous segment between Caguas in the north and Coamo in the south, was built under the 1859 General Highway Plan, a complete highway plan to connect the coastal town with those in the mountainous interior. The plan was approved by the Spanish Crown in 1860 and it included the creation of "first order" and "second order" highways. In 1860, the central government commissioned engineer Niceto Blajot to design the paved version of Carretera Central between Ponce and Juana Diaz, which until then was a dirt and gravel road.[10]

The then-municipal highways connecting Ponce, Juana Diaz and Coamo were made part of the state-run Carretera Central between 1875 and 1880. Meanwhile, the first stretch of road built exclusively under the Delegation of Public Works (equivalent to a department of public works) was the northern mountainside segment between Caguas and Cayey. This segment was started in 1875 and completed in 1881 under the direction of site engineers Raimundo Camprubi and Enrique Gadea-Giraldez. It was designed by engineer Manuel Lopez-Bayo.[2]

On the southern mountainside of Cordillera Central, the stretch from Coamo to Aibonito was designed by Timoteo Luberza in 1861. Construction started in 1874 under Ricardo Campubri. It included 7.5 kilometers of the steep Asomante slopes, and was completed in 1881. The width of the road in this stretch was reduced from 6.5 meters to 6.0 meters, to reduce costs associated with building in such steep terrain. The segment between Aibonito and Cayey was designed by Manuel Lope-Bayo, begun in 1879 and completed in 1886. It included bridges over Quebrada Honda and Quebrada Toita. As in the Coamo to Aibonito stretch, the stretch from Aibonito to Cayey has a width of 6.0 meters instead of 6.5 meters. The stretch was so treacherous that it was the last to be completed and the most expensive.[2] It soon acquired the popular name La Piquiña.[11]

Functional by 1886, Carretera Central was the first highway to cross Puerto Rico's east–west mountain range, the Cordillera Central. In 1886, it was a 134-kilometer (83 mi) route with 13 permanent bridges and 33 "casillas de camineros" (housing for road maintenance technicians).[2] Contests were held for which roads had been best maintained, so that workers could be properly recognized and rewarded.[12][13]

The Arenas Bridge, constructed in 1894 to bring the Carretera Central across the Rio de la Plata, was the longest bridge constructed in Puerto Rico under Spanish government.[14]

Macadamized "from end to end...into an almost solid floor," when the United States took possession of Puerto Rico in 1898, the editors of the American Harper's Weekly publication called Carretera Central, which was also known as Carretera Militar, "the finest road in the Western Hemisphere."[4]

The road, spanning the entire length between San Juan and Ponce, was fully completed in 1898 and christened Carretera Central.[2][15]

Other facts

In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, American forces moved from south to north over the Carretara Central. One bridge was demolished by the Spanish to delay the American advance.[16]

National Register of Historic Places

As one of the first modern roadways in Puerto Rico, being built from 1846–1886, and regarded as one of the finest roads in the Americas for years after its completion, a portion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019. The listed portion of the road, from Caguas to Juana Díaz, includes the exceptionally challenging engineering through the Cordillera Central, 11 major bridges, 14 maintenance workers' houses,[lower-alpha 4] and numerous other roadway structures.[6]

Major intersections

Note: kilometer markers represent the distance along the current Puerto Rico numbered highways rather than the original Carretera Central.

MunicipalityLocationkm
[17][18][19][20]		miDestinationsNotes
PoncePlayaAvenida Eugenio María de Hostos – PlayaSouthern terminus of the Carretera Central
1.60.99 PR-123 – PonceSouthern terminus through PR-123
See PR-123
Primero–Cuarto line4.6
0.0		2.9
0.0		 PR-14 north (Calle Salud) – PonceNorthern terminus through PR-123; western terminus through PR-14; one-way street
See PR-14
CayeyCayey barrio-pueblo–Monte Llano line73.1
55.5		45.4
34.5		 PR-1 (Avenida Jesús T. Piñero) – Caguas, AibonitoEastern terminus through PR-14; southern terminus through PR-1
55.3
2.7		34.4
1.7		 PR-735 north (Carretera Central) – CidraNorthern terminus through PR-1; southern terminus through PR-735; seagull intersection
See PR-735
Vegas0.0
53.6		0.0
33.3		 PR-1 – Cayey, CaguasNorthern terminus through PR-735; southern terminus through PR-1
See PR-1
CaguasBairoa30.5
4.6		19.0
2.9		 PR-798 (Carretera Central) – Río CañasNorthern terminus through PR-1; southern terminus through PR-798
See PR-798
San JuanQuebrada Arenas0.0
25.9		0.0
16.1		 PR-1 north (Carretera Felipe "La Voz" Rodríguez) – Río PiedrasNorthern terminus through PR-798; southern terminus through PR-1; no access to PR-1 southbound; no access from PR-1
GuaynaboRío23.3
2.3		14.5
1.4		 PR-173 / PR-8834 (Carretera Central) – Aguas Buenas, Hato Nuevo, SonadoraNorthern terminus through PR-1; southern terminus through PR-8834
0.0
21.0		0.0
13.0		 PR-1 (Carretera Felipe "La Voz" Rodríguez) / PR-169 to PR-20 (Expreso Rafael Martínez Nadal) – Río Piedras, Caguas, Guaynabo, CamaronesNorthern terminus through PR-8834; southern terminus through PR-1
San JuanTortugo19.3
1.7		12.0
1.1		 PR-873 (Carretera Central) – TortugoNorthern terminus through PR-1; southern terminus through PR-873
Quebrada Frailes0.8–
0.7		0.50–
0.43		Puente General Norzagaray[21]
Caimito0.0
17.7		0.0
11.0		 PR-1 (Carretera Felipe "La Voz" Rodríguez) to PR-199 – San Juan, Caguas, GuaynaboNorthern terminus through PR-873; southern terminus through PR-1
See PR-1
Monacillo Urbano15.0–
14.6		9.3–
9.1		 PR-18 north (Expreso Las Américas) / PR-52 south (Autopista Luis A. Ferré) – San Juan, Bayamón, Caguas, PonceNorthern terminus through PR-1; no access to PR-52 from northbound
Gap in route
1.20.75 PR-8838 – Monacillo UrbanoSouthern terminus through PR-8838
See Avenida Juan Ponce de León
El Cinco3.3
12.5		2.1
7.8		 PR-1 north (Carretera Felipe "La Voz" Rodríguez) – Río Piedras, CarolinaNorthern terminus through PR-8838; southern terminus through PR-1; PR-1 southbound access at km 3.0
Río Piedras12.37.6Puente de Río Piedras[21]
Hato Rey Sur12.1–
12.0		7.5–
7.5		 PR-3 east (Avenida 65 de Infantería) – CarolinaNorthern terminus through PR-1
Gap in route
Pueblo–Hato Rey Sur line11.16.9 PR-3 west (Avenida 65 de Infantería) to PR-1 north (Avenida Luis Muñoz Rivera) – Hato ReySouthern terminus through PR-25; PR-3 westbound exit and PR-1 northbound entrance
See Avenida Juan Ponce de León
San Juan Antiguo0.00.0Calle Fortaleza / Calle Recinto Sur – Old San JuanNorthern terminus through PR-25
La Fortaleza – Old San JuanNorthern terminus of the Carretera Central
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

Notes
  1. The listed portion of the Carretera Central extends into Caguas, Cidra, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Díaz. The roadway route in San Juan and Ponce, as well as a portion in Caguas, was excluded from the National Register listing.
  2. See also Documento de inclusión de la Carretera Central en el RNLH (2019). Geo-Isla. 2020. 1 August 2020.
  3. Rio Piedras, today a part of San Juan, was a distinct town and municipality until 1951.
  4. Spanish: casillas de caminero.

Footnotes
  1. Paul G. Miller. Historia de Puerto Rico. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally & Compañia. 1992. Page 326.
  2. Pumarada-O'Neill 1994, p. 7
  3. Documento de inclusión de la Carretera Central en el RNLH (2019). Geo-Isla. 2020. p. 51. Accessed 1 August 2020.
  4. Harper's Weekly. New York: Harper and Brothers. Vol LXII. Issue 2188. 26 November 1898. p.1163.
  5. PUERTO RICO, CAGUAS MUNICIPALITY, Carretera Central, PR-1 from km. 40 to 55.4, PR-735 from km. 0.0 to 2.5 & PR-14 from km. 10.0 to 74.0, Caguas, SG100003686, LISTED, May 2, 2019. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. US Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C. Weekly List # 20190503. 3 May 2019. Accessed 1 August 2020.
  6. "NRHP Nomination Form Carretera Central". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  7. "Tránsito Promedio Diario (AADT)". Transit Data (Datos de Transito) (in Spanish). DTOP PR.
  8. Pumarada-O'Neill 1994, p. 4
  9. Pumarada-O'Neill 1994, p. 5
  10. Pumarada-O'Neill 1994, p. 6.
  11. La centenaria ruta de la Piquiña. El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 1 July 2011. Accessed 25 May 2016.
  12. Mari Mutt, José A. "Nuestras Casillas de Camineros - Visión general y estilos". edicionesdigitales info (in Spanish).
  13. Gandía Córdova, Ramón (17 July 1924). "Las Carreteras de Puerto Rico Comparadas con las de los Estados Unidos". Revista de Obras Públicas de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). San Juan. p. 1545 – via Internet Archive.
  14. "Historic Places in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: A Travel Itinerary: Arenas Bridge". National Park Service.
  15. Costa, Juan R. (9 June 2019). "Memoria Viva: la Carretera Central de Puerto Rico". NOTICEL (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  16. Pumarada-O'Neill 1994, p. 12
  17. Google (3 April 2020). "Carretera Central southwest" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  18. Google (3 April 2020). "Carretera Central south" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  19. Google (3 April 2020). "Carretera Central east" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  20. Google (3 April 2020). "Carretera Central north" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  21. Luis F. Pumarada O’Neill (1991). "Los Puentes Históricos de Puerto Rico" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 April 2020.

References

Further reading
  • Castro Arroyo, Maria de los Angeles (1969). La construcción de la Carretera Central en Puerto Rico (MA thesis in history) (in Spanish). University of Puerto Rico.
  • Alonso, Feliciano. 2007. Álbum de Puerto Rico. Madrid: Doce Calles: CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 9788497440608. (In Spanish)
  • Archivo General de Puerto Rico. Fondo de Obras Públicas, Serie de Carreteras, Legajo 5582–583, Cajas 2666, 2667, 2669.
  • Castro, M. de los A. La construcción de la Carretera Central en Puerto Rico. Thesis. School of Architecture. University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras. 1969. Chapter 5. (In Spanish)
  • Hechavarría, M. Testigos mudos de la vida del caminero. El Nuevo Día. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3 December 2007. Section: Huellas, p. 69. (In Spanish)
  • Informe del Comisionado del Interior de Puerto Rico (Guillermo Esteves) para los años 1918–1919, 456 pp. (In Spanish)
  • Meléndez-Muñoz, M. Cuentos de la Carretera Central. Ediciones RVMBOS, Barcelona. 1963. 152 pp. (In Spanish)
  • Sibanacan. El inventario y estudio de los valores arquitectónicos-arqueológicos e históricos-social de las casillas de peones camineros de la Isla de Puerto Rico. Informe de progreso para la Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica de Puerto Rico. 1990. (In Spanish)
  • Sibanacan. El inventario y el estudio del valor arquitectónico-arqueológico e histórico-social de las casillas de peones camineros de la Isla de Puerto Rico, 1844–1954. Informe final para la Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica de Puerto Rico. 1991. (In Spanish)
  • Fay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 211. Item 1087. LCCN 92-75480
  • G. Waldo Brown. The New America and the Far East: A Picturesque and Historic Description of These Lands and Peoples. Vol. 8. Boston: Marshall Jones. 1907. (CUTPO).
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