Carl Pfeiffer (pharmacologist)

Carl Curt Pfeiffer (March 19, 1908 – November 18, 1988) was a physician and biochemist who researched schizophrenia, allergies and other diseases. He was Chair of the Pharmacology Department at Emory University and considered himself a founder of what two-time Nobel prize winner, Linus Pauling, PhD., named orthomolecular psychiatry and published in the Journal Science. 1968 Apr 19;160(3825):265-71.[1]

Biography

Pfeiffer was native of Peoria, Illinois and obtained his bachelors and doctorate in pharmacology from University of Wisconsin and medical degree from University of Chicago.[2] He has written several books on nutrition, trace metals, and biochemistry imbalances.[3]

In 1977, it was revealed that Pfeiffer was one of the researchers involved in behavior experiments for the Central Intelligence Agency.[2] Until the 1970s, under the project titled MK-BURN; he administered LSD to inmates in the Atlanta penitentiary and in New Jersey Bordentown Reformatory.[2]

Pfeiffer was interested in trace element and mineral metabolism in schizophrenia and what is now known as bipolar disorder[4] and investigated the therapeutic uses of amino acids in various illnesses.[5] Pfeiffer and co-workers reported that about a third of all the patients they examined had very high basophil counts, very high blood histamine levels and anomalies in their trace metal levels.[6][7] Pfeiffer collaborated with Abram Hoffer.[8] Pfeiffer founded the Princeton Brain-Bio Center, an outpatient treatment facility specializing Orthomolecular Psychiatry and Medicine. Pfeiffer also helped supervise, a residential treatment facility in Skillman, NJ known as the Earth House which was founded by one of Pfeiffer's recovered schizophrenic patients––Rosalind LaRoche who dedicated herself to supporting to Dr. Pfeiffer and Nutritional/Orthomolecular medicine.[1]

Pfeiffer argued that "For every drug that benefits a patient, there is a natural substance that can achieve the same effect."[9] Pfeiffer believed that biochemical imbalances were responsible for many psychological problems. After studying more than 20,000 schizophrenic patients, divided schizophrenia into three biochemical groups: Histapenia, Histadelia, and Pyroluria.[9][10]

Of all the disorders he studied, Pfeiffer was focused intently on Schizophrenia. He used the terms: the waste basket diagnosis, the plague of mental disease, demon possession and insanity.[3] He felt the word schizophrenia was an inadequate and misleading diagnosis. He believed that "disperceptions of unknown cause" was a more appropriate definition.[11] In his book, 'Twenty-Nine Medical Causes of Schizophrenia', he gives a comprehensive list of medical causes of schizophrenia broken down into three categories: well-known, less-known, and almost unknown.[11]

Pfeiffer suggested that most depressed people were born with a predisposition for depression, but that biochemical treatment would help overcome depression.[10]

Pfeiffer conducted a 12-year study which allowed him to classify behavior disorders into four categories based on trace metal patterns.[10] Type A: high copper/zinc ratio, depressed hair sodium, potassium and lead sensitivity. These individuals exhibit episodes of fighting, oppositional behavior and mood swings. Type B: depressed hair copper, pyroluria, elevated histamine and elevated toxic metals. They exhibit assaultive behavior, absence of remorse, pathological lying, fascination with fire and cruelty towards animals.[10] Type C: "mal absorbers", tend to be slender, usually impulsive and oppositional.[10] Type D: depressed manganese and chromium levels. They exhibit nonviolent delinquent behavior. [10]

Carl Pfeiffer died at the age of 80 at the Princeton Brain Bio Center. He suffered a heart attack .[2][3]

Bibliography
  • Pfeiffer C (1988). Nutrition and Mental Illness : An Orthomolecular Approach to Balancing Body Chemistry. Healing Arts Press. ISBN 0-89281-226-5.
  • Pfeiffer C (January 1976). Mental and Elemental Nutrients: A Physician's Guide to Nutrition and Health Care. Keats Pub. ISBN 0-87983-114-6.
  • Pfeiffer, Carl C. Ph.D., M.D. and Scott LaMola, B.S. Zinc and Manganese in the Schizophrenias First published in Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1983
  • The Earth House - Dr. Pfeiffer's "Princeton Brain Biocenter" renamed the "Carl C. Pfeiffer Institute" after his passing, has been retired.

References
  1. Pfeiffer CC. Nutrition and Mental Illness: An Orthomolecular Approach to Balancing Body Chemistry. Healing Arts Press., 1988.
  2. "Carl C. Pfeiffer, Pharmacologist, Dies at 80". Obituaries. The New York Times. 1988-11-23. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
  3. Braverman, M.D., Rabbi. "Memories of Carl C. Pfeiffer, Ph.D., M.D. Physician, Scientist, Teacher and Philanthropist" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-04-04.
  4. Pfeiffer CC, Braverman ER. Zinc, the brain and behavior, Biol Psychiatry. 1982 Apr;17(4):513-32.
  5. Braverman ER, Pfeiffer CC, Blum K, Smayda R. The Healing Nutrients Within: Facts, Findings, and New Research on Amino Acids, Basic Health Publications, 2003
  6. Pfeiffer CC et al. Blood histamine levels, basophil counts, and trace metals in the schizophrenias, Psychopharmacol Bull. 1971 Jul;7(3):37.
  7. Pfeiffer CC. Extreme basophil counts and blood histamine levels in schizophrenic outpatients as compared to normals, Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1972 Jul;4(1):51-9.
  8. "A Brief History of the Discovery of Kryptopyrrolle: A Diagnostic Test for a Subgroup of the Schizophrenias - A. HOFFER, M.D., Ph.D". Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2007-09-27. Hoffer A, A Brief History of the Discovery of Kryptopyrrolle: A Diagnostic Test for a Subgroup of the Schizophrenias, Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine Vol. 16, 1st Quarter 2001.
  9. "Carl C. Pfeiffer". History of Orthomolecular Medicine. Orthomolecular. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
  10. Walsh, William. "Biochemical Treatment: Medicines for the Next Century". NOHA NEWS. The American Nutrition Association. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
  11. Pfeiffer, Carl. "Twenty-Nine Medical Causes of "Schizonphrenia"" (PDF). International Guide to the World of Alternative Mental Health. Safe Harbor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
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