Caripia

Caripia is a fungal genus in the family Marasmiaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Caripia montagnei, commonly known as the pod parachute. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas.[1] Formerly classified in the Stereales (a now obsolete order that has been merged into the Russulales), molecular analysis published in 2002 demonstrated that the fungus is a reduced form of the closely related Gymnopus.[2]

Caripia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Marasmiaceae
Genus:
Caripia

Kuntze (1898)
Type species
Caripia montagnei
(Berk.) Kuntze (1898)
Synonyms

Hypolyssus montagnei Berk. (1842)

Taxonomy

The genus Caripia was circumscribed by Otto Kuntze in 1898[3] to contain Hypolyssus montagnei, a species originally described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1842. Berkeley obtained the original specimens from Camille Montagne, who collected them from Guyana.[4] Kuntze did not elaborate on the characteristics of the genus, instead referring to Pier Andrea Saccardo's description of Hypolyssus in the 6th volume of his 1888 publication Sylloge Fungorum.[5][6] In 1953, the proposal to conserve the generic name Hypolyssus vs. Caripia was rejected by the Special Committee for Fungi.[7] Other generic names that have been applied to the fungus are Podostrombium, published invalidly by Otto Kuntze in 1828, Heringia, published invalidly by Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1853, and Christian Hendrik Persoon's 1828 Perona.[6]

The generic name Caripia refers to the Caripi River in northern Brazil.[6] The mushroom is commonly known as the "pod parachute".[8]

Description

The goblet or pod-shaped fruit bodies of Caripia montagnei are up to 25 mm (1.0 in) tall with a cap diameter up to 6 mm (0.24 in).[8] The cap margin of young fruit bodies curves slightly inward, but the caps enlarge by intercalary growth between the top of the stipe and the margin, so older specimens develop an obconic (reversed cone) or roughly cylindrical shape with a flattened, and then concave top.[9] The color is whitish to cream, and the surface texture is initially smooth, although the fruit body can develop wrinkles in age. The thin, smooth stipe is brown to purplish brown. The hymenium (spore-bearing tissue) is on the outside surface of the cap, rather than the inside, as is usual for cup-shaped fungi.[8] It grows to about 300  µm thick, and develops irregular surface lumps. The thin-walled spores are narrowly pip-shaped, inamyloid, and measure 5–6 by 2.5–3.3  µm.[9] Another stalked cup fungus, Dumontinia tuberosa (formerly Sclerotinia tuberosa), is vaguely similar in appearance to Caripia montagnei,[8] but it is larger, with cups up to 3 cm (1.2 in) across and stipes up to 10 cm (3.9 in), and the cups are brown.[10]

Habitat and distribution

Caripia montagnei occurs in the woodlands of Central America and South America, where it grows in close groups on branches and sticks of deciduous trees.[8]

Bioactive compounds

The pyridyloxirane compound caripyrin (trans-5-(3-methyloxiranyl)pyridincarboxylic acid methyl ester) was isolated and identified from the fruit bodies of the fungus and reported in 2010. The chemical inhibits the conidial germination and appressorium formation of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Compared to the structurally related fungal metabolite fusaric acid, it protects plants better, but lacks cytotoxic, antibacterial, and nematicidal activity.[11] Fruit bodies contain polysaccharides that have been shown in laboratory tests to have antiinflammatory properties.[12]

See also

References
  1. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, et al. (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID 12099793.
  3. Kuntze O. (1989). Revisio generum plantarum (in German). 3. Leipzig: A. Felix. p. 451.
  4. Berkeley MJ. (1842). "Enumeration of fungi, collected by Dr. Hostmann, in Surinam". London Journal of Botany. 1 (3): 138–42.
  5. Saccardo PA. (1888). Sylloge Fungorum. 6. Padua: Sumptibus Auctoris. p. 521.
  6. Donk MA. (1957). "The generic names proposed for Hymenomycetes. VII: "Thelphoraceae"". Taxon. 6 (1): 17–28. doi:10.2307/1217865. JSTOR 1217865.
  7. Rogers DP. (1953). "Disposition of Nomina Generica Conservanda Proposita for Fungi". Taxon. 45 (2): 312–22. JSTOR 4547700.
  8. Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
  9. Corner EJH. (1966). A Monograph of Cantharelloid Fungi. London, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–3.
  10. Phillips R. "Sclerotinia tuberosa". Rogers Plants. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
  11. Rieger PH, Liermann JC, Opatz T, Anke H, Thines E (2010). "Caripyrin, a new inhibitor of infection-related morphogenesis in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae". Journal of Antibiotics. 63 (6): 285–9. doi:10.1038/ja.2010.31. PMID 20379215.
  12. Queiroz LS, Nascimento MS, Cruz AK, et al. (2010). "Glucans from the Caripia montagnei mushroom present anti-inflammatory activity". International Immunopharmacology. 10 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.015. PMID 19804847.
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