Calvary (sanctuary)

A calvary, also called calvary hill, Sacred Mount, or Sacred Mountain, is a type of Christian sacred place, built on the slopes of a hill, composed by a set of chapels, usually laid out in the form of a pilgrims' way. It is intended to represent the passion of Jesus Christ and its name after the Calvary, the hill in Jerusalem where, according to tradition, Jesus was crucified.

Sacro Monte di Domodossola
Calvary hill in Maria Lanzendorf (1700)
This article is about a complex of chapels. For a single crucifix, see Calvary (sculpture).
Sacro Monte di Varallo, Tabacchetti and Giovanni d'Enrico, Christ on the Road to Calvary, 1599-1600, sculpted main figures and a fresco behind
Devotions at Žemaičių Kalvarija in Lithuania, 2006
Chapels at the Sacro Monte di Oropa
The Conception of Mary at the Sacro Monte di Oropa
Chapels in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska
Mystery play at Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, 2011

These function as greatly expanded versions of the Stations of the Cross that are usual in Catholic churches, allowing the devout to follow the progress of the stages of the Passion of Christ along the Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem. Each chapel contains a large image of the scene from the Passion it commemorates, sometimes in sculpture, that may be up to life-size. This kind of shrine was especially popular in the Baroque period when the Holy Land was under Turkish rule and it was difficult to make a pilgrimage to the Mount Calvary in Jerusalem.

Calvaries were especially popular with the Franciscan and Jesuit orders, and are most common in Italy and Habsburg Central Europe. They were usually placed in parks near a church or a monastery, typically on a hill which the visitor gradually ascends. Italian ones are usually called a sacro monte ("holy mountain" or "hill"); there are a group of nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy that are especially notable; their dates of foundation vary between 1486 and 1712. Devotions would be most popular in Passion Week, before Easter, when large processions around the stations would be held, and mystery plays might be acted. If a calvary was established in an inhabited place, it might result in a location of a new village or town. Several villages and towns are named after such a complex.

Terminology

The Mount of Calvary was the site outside the gates of Jerusalem where the crucifixion of Christ took place. The scene was replicated around the world in numerous "calvary hills" after the Counter-Reformation and they are used by Roman Catholics in particular as part of their worship and veneration of God.

The term is derived from the Latin translation in the Vulgate of the Aramaic name for original hill, Golgotha, where it was called calvariae locus, Latin for "the place of the skull".[1][2] Martin Luther translated Golgatha as "skull place" (Scheddelstet). This translation is debated; at the very least it is not clear whether it referred to the shape of the hill, its use as a place of execution or burial or refers to something else.[3]

"Calvary hill" today refers to a roughly life-size depiction of the scene of crucifixion with crucifixes, usually the cross of Jesus and the two criminals, but many are more elaborate, including sculptures of additional figures. These scenes of the crucifixion are set up on small hillocks, which may be natural or artificial. Often 14 or so stations of the cross are laid out on the way up to the pilgrimage hill and there is often a small, remote church or chapel located between a few dozen to several hundred metres away.

Calvary hills are also a symbol of Brittany, where they were built during the Breton Renaissance (between 1450 and the 17th century) especially in the Finistère in specially created parish closes.[4] Of great importance was the erection of calvary hills north of the Alps in the Baroque era during the Counter-Reformation.

  • Representative examples
  • Multi-figure wayside monument
    (Retz)
  • The Calvary Hill in Lend (Graz) around 1830
  • Calvary hill and stations of the cross chapel
    (St. Radegund bei Graz)
  • Shrine with numerous chapels
    (Graz)
  • Hill chapel with stations of the cross
    (Arzl bei Innsbruck)
  • Park-like layout
    (Cvikov)
  • Freely visible landscape monument on the summit
    (Calvary hill near Jiřetín pod Jedlovou)
  • Layout at a monastery
    (Krastowa Gora)

Calvaries in the world

Burgenland
  • Calvary Hill, Bergkirche in Eisenstadt
  • Calvary Hill, Frauenkirchen
  • Calvary Hill, Lockenhaus
  • in Neusiedl am See
  • in Pinkafeld

Carinthia

Lower Austria

Upper Austria
  • Calvary Hill, Aigen in the Mühlkreis
  • in Freistadt
  • Calvary Hill, Gosau
  • Calvary Hill, Kremsmünster
  • in St. Martin im Innkreis
  • in Schwertberg

Salzburg

Styria
  • Calvary Hill, (Bruck an der Mur)
  • Calvary Hill, (Deutschfeistritz)
  • Kalvarienberg (Graz)
  • Calvary Hill, Leoben[6]
  • in Sankt Margarethen bei Knittelfeld
  • Calvary Hill (Sankt Radegund bei Graz)

Tyrol
  • Calvary Hill Chapel, Arzl, in the Innsbruck quarter of Arzl
  • in Kufstein
  • Calvary Hill, Thaur

Vienna

Belarus
  • in Miadziel (a small town north of Minsk (Мядзел))
  • in Minsk (Мінск)

Belgium

Bolivia
  • Cerro Calvario

Canada

Croatia

Czech Republic

Ethiopia

England

Mount St Bernard Abbey, Leicestershire.

France

The French: Calvaire of Notre Dame de Tronoën in Saint-Jean-Trolimon (greater French: Calvaire) dates to 1450 and is one of the oldest in Brittany. Other famous locations in Brittany are:[4]

Germany
(in alphabetical order by place)
  • Calvary Hill, Ahrweiler (with Kalvarienberg Abbey), Ahrweiler, county of Ahrweiler, Rhineland-Palatinate
  • Calvary Hill, Aiterbach, Aiterbach, county of Freising, Bavaria
  • Calvary Hill Chapel, Altomünster
  • in Bad Kissingen
  • in Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler (as a school)
  • in Bad Laer
  • in Bad Tölz, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Bavaria
  • in Berchtesgaden
  • Calvary Hill, Bergheim, Bergheim, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia
  • in Bidingen, county of Ostallgäu
  • in Birkungen (Thuringia)
  • in Burladingen
  • in Cham (Upper Palatinate)
  • in Donauwörth
  • Calvary Hill, Dorweiler, Dorweiler, county of Düren, North Rhine-Westphalia
  • in Ebnath in the Oberpfalz
  • in Falkenberg (Oberpfalz)
  • in Fichtelberg (Oberfranken)
  • in Fulda
  • in Füssen
  • Calvary Hill, Greding, county of Roth, Bavaria
  • Calvary Hill, Füssen, county of Ostallgäu, Bavaria
  • in Görlitz in the Heiligen-Grab-Ensemble
  • Calvary Hill, Gundelsheim, Württemberg
  • in Immenstadt
  • near the Pilgrimage Church, Allerheiligen in Jettingen-Scheppach
  • in the pilgrimage village of Kinzweiler
  • Calvary Hill, Kirchenthumbach, Kirchenthumbach, county of Neustadt an der Waldnaab, Bavaria
  • (Klosterlechfeld see below)
  • in Konnersreuth
  • Calvary Hill, Lauterhofen, county of Neumarkt in the Oberpfalz, Bavaria
  • in Lenggries
  • in Lübeck (Jerusalemsberg)
  • in Marsberg
  • at Kreuzberg Abbey in the Rhön
  • Calvary Hill, Neusath, county of Schwandorf, Bavaria
  • in Ostritz, Sachsen
  • at St. Marienthal Abbey
  • Calvary Hill, Parsberg, county of Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria
  • in Peiting in Upper Bavaria
  • in Pfreimd
  • in Pillig in Rhineland-Palatinate
  • in Pobenhausen and also in Palling, both in Upper Bavaria
  • in Possenhofen municipality of Pöcking on Lake Starnberg
  • in the Devil's Cave near Pottenstein
  • Calvary Hill, Prüm, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm, Rhineland-Palatinate
  • Calvary Hill, Alendorf, in the municipality of Blankenheim
  • Calvary Hill, Reicholzried
  • in Sichtigvor on the Loermund
  • in Stühlingen
  • Calvary Hill, Schwabegg, county of Augsburg, Bavaria
  • in Sonthofen
  • in Straelen on the Lower Rhine
  • bei Wettenhausen in the municipality of Kammeltal
  • in Wenigmünchen (near Munich)
  • in Xanten am Niederrhein
  • in Zell in the Wiesental chapel on the Möhrenberg
  • the Calvary Hill at the pilgrimage site of Klosterlechfeld in Bavaria there is not stations of the cross path, but a monument with outside staircase.

Greece
  • on the hill of Filerimos on Rhodes

Hungary

Italy

Lithuania
A 17th century Verkiai Calvary in Vilnius, Lithuania, c. 1840s

Poland

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

See also

References
  1. "translation of calvariae by Whitaker's Words". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
  2. Bibliotheca Augustana: Hieronimi Vulgata, Evangelium Secondum Lucam, 23:33
  3. "Mount Calvary" article in the Catholic Encyclopedia (English)
  4. Bretagne, stonecross.de;
    Pfarrbezirke, bretagne-tip.de
  5. Kalvarienberg neben Kartause Aggsbach, Wachau / Österreich
  6. Kalvarienberg in Leoben, Steiermark/Österreich
  7. The stations of the cross on the calvary hill in Moresnet / Belgien
  8. Kalvarienberg Archived 2018-10-08 at the Wayback Machine auf panoramio.com
  9. "Sights". Doľany, Pezinok District. Retrieved 14 April 2020.

Literature

German:

  • Atlas der europäischen Heiligen Berge, Kalvarienberge und Devotionsstätten (in German), Turin: Direktion für Tourismus, Sport und Gärten der Region Piemont, 2003
  • Walter Brunner (1990), Steirische Kalvarienberge (in German), Graz etc.: Schnider, ISBN 3-900993-02-5
  • Elisabeth Roth (1967), Der volkreiche Kalvarienberg in Literatur und Bildkunst des Spätmittelalters (in German) (2nd ed.), Berlin: Erich Schmidt – Philologische Studien und Quellen 2, ISSN 0554-0674
  • Louise-Marie Tillet (1989), Reisewege durch die Bretagne. Calvaires und romanische Kirchen (in German), Würzburg: Echter Verlag, ISBN 3-429-01186-8
  • Kath. Pfarramt; Maria Himmelfahrt; Johannes Port (1989), Der Kalvarienberg zu Wettenhausen. Gebete und Geschichte einer altehrwürdigen Wallfahrtsstätte (in German), Kammeltal: s. n.

French:

  • Yves-Pascal Castel (1997), Croix et calvaires en Bretagne. = Kroaziou ha kalvarihou or bro (in French), Trelevenez: Minihi levenez, ISBN 2-908230-09-7 – also in the Breton language
  • Marc Déceneux (2001), La Bretagne des enclos et des calvaires (in French), Rennes: Ouest-France, ISBN 2-7373-2261-8 – Mémoires de l'histoire
  • Yannick Pelletier (1996), Les enclos Paroissiaux de Bretagne (in French), Paris: Gisserot – Les universels Gisserot 13, ZDB-ID 2216999-4
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