Broad-spectrum antiviral drug

Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs (or broad-spectrum antiviral agents, BSAA) are a class of antiviral drugs, which target and inhibit the replication and development of a broad range of viral pathogens. BSAAs work by inhibiting viral proteins (such as polymerases, proteases, or reverse transcriptases) or by targeting host cell proteins and processes exploited by the virus during infection.[1]

Many BSAs are found showing efficacy against a given virus outside their original indication, showing antiviral activity against other viruses than originally investigated (such as remdesivir and ritonavir/lopinavir) or outside their original therapeutic indications, for example, antibacterials, like azithromycin,[2][3][4][5] antihelminthics, like niclosamide,[6][7] and antiprotozoals, like emetine.[6][8] This makes BSAs potential candidates for drug repurposing.[9] Repurposing of BSAs will allow for quicker, cheaper and more efficient development of antivirals than de novo drug development.[10] BSAs that have been successfully repurposed outside their original therapeutic indications are known as broad-spectrum therapeutics.[11]

BSAs are potential candidates for treatment of medically important and emerging viruses, such as influenzas, HIV, filoviruses, such as ebola and marburg viruses, and the coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and more recently SARS-CoV-2.[9][10] Efforts in drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2 is currently underway.

As of 2020, there are 120 known BSA candidates in varying stages of development, effective against 78 human viruses.[12]

See also

References
  1. Bekerman E, Einav S (April 2015). "Infectious disease. Combating emerging viral threats". Science. 348 (6232): 282–3. doi:10.1126/science.aaa3778. PMC 4419706. PMID 25883340.
  2. Menzel M, Akbarshahi H, Bjermer L, Uller L (June 2016). "Azithromycin induces anti-viral effects in cultured bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 28698. Bibcode:2016NatSR...628698M. doi:10.1038/srep28698. PMC 4923851. PMID 27350308.
  3. Tran DH, Sugamata R, Hirose T, Suzuki S, Noguchi Y, Sugawara A, et al. (October 2019). "Azithromycin, a 15-membered macrolide antibiotic, inhibits influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection by interfering with virus internalization process". The Journal of Antibiotics. 72 (10): 759–768. doi:10.1038/s41429-019-0204-x. PMID 31300721.
  4. Li C, Zu S, Deng YQ, Li D, Parvatiyar K, Quanquin N, et al. (September 2019). "Azithromycin Protects against Zika virus Infection by Upregulating virus-induced Type I and III Interferon Responses". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 63 (12): e00394–19, /aac/63/12/AAC.00394–19.atom. doi:10.1128/AAC.00394-19. PMC 6879226. PMID 31527024.
  5. Firth A, Prathapan P (August 2020). "Azithromycin: The First Broad-spectrum Therapeutic". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 207: 112739. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112739. PMC 7434625. PMID 32871342.
  6. Andersen PI, Krpina K, Ianevski A, Shtaida N, Jo E, Yang J, et al. (October 2019). "Novel Antiviral Activities of Obatoclax, Emetine, Niclosamide, Brequinar, and Homoharringtonine". Viruses. 11 (10): 964. doi:10.3390/v11100964. PMC 6832696. PMID 31635418.
  7. Kadri H, Lambourne OA, Mehellou Y (June 2018). "Niclosamide, a Drug with Many (Re)purposes". ChemMedChem. 13 (11): 1088–1091. doi:10.1002/cmdc.201800100. PMC 7162286. PMID 29603892.
  8. Khandelwal N, Chander Y, Rawat KD, Riyesh T, Nishanth C, Sharma S, et al. (August 2017). "Emetine inhibits replication of RNA and DNA viruses without generating drug-resistant virus variants". Antiviral Research. 144: 196–204. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.06.006. PMID 28624461. S2CID 4499245.
  9. García-Serradilla M, Risco C, Pacheco B (April 2019). "Drug repurposing for new, efficient, broad spectrum antivirals". Virus Research. 264: 22–31. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.011. PMC 7114681. PMID 30794895.
  10. Andersen PI, Ianevski A, Lysvand H, Vitkauskiene A, Oksenych V, Bjørås M, et al. (April 2020). "Discovery and development of safe-in-man broad-spectrum antiviral agents". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 93: 268–276. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.018. PMC 7128205. PMID 32081774.
  11. "Broad-spectrum therapeutics: A new antimicrobial class". Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery. 2: 100011. 2021-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100011. ISSN 2590-2571.
  12. "DrugVirus.info". drugvirus.info. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
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