Brigitte Kuhlmann

Brigitte Kuhlmann (1947–1976) was a founding member of the West German left-wing terrorist group Revolutionäre Zellen (RZ, or Revolutionary Cells in English.[1][2][3] She was killed by the Israel Defense Forces in Entebbe, Uganda, during Operation Entebbe.

Brigitte Kuhlmann
Born1947
Hannover, Occupied Germany
Died4 July 1976 (aged 28–29)
Entebbe, Uganda
OrganizationRevolutionary Cells (RZ)
Known forAir France Flight 139 hijacking

Early life

Kuhlmann was born in 1947[4] and studied pedagogy in Hannover.[5] She wrote poetry and cared for handicapped patients, living with but never marrying Wilfried Böse and later Gerd Schnepel.[1]

Frankfurt underground

Kuhlmann and Böse eventually disappeared into the Frankfurt underground,[2] socialising in left-wing circles where they were recruited into the Red Army Faction[6] and were founding members of Revolutionary Cells.[7]

Air France 139 hijacking

On 27 June 1976, using an Ecuadorian passport Kuhlmann originally boarded a flight in Bahrain along with Abdul-Rahim Jaber, and Jayel Naji al-Arjam en route to Athens, Greece to connect with an Air France flight. Baggage handlers at the airport in Bahrain ensured their firearms and grenades were smuggled onto the aircraft undetected in their carry-on luggage.[3]

In Athens they transferred to the Air France aircraft, an Airbus A300 which took off for Paris as Flight 139 shortly after midday. Within minutes Kuhlmann and her accomplices hijacked the aircraft.[6] Kuhlmann took control of the first class cabin and pistol-whipped noncompliant passengers. The airliner was re-routed to Libya under the call sign "Haifa One". After landing at Benina International Airport, where some passengers were released, the hijacked A300 took off again, headed south into Central Africa. During the five-hour flight, Kuhlmann verbally abused passengers, some Israeli, with anti-Semitic criticism.[3] She was referred to by the hostages as the "Nazi terrorist," and while all of the foreign hostages were set free, she refused to allow four Jewish passengers who were Belgians and Americans to be set free after she witnessed them wearing Jewish prayer shawls.[8]

The aircraft landed at Entebbe, Uganda where Kuhlmann and her team were met by associates in the country, including a man identified by the press as Anton Degas Bouvier (but probably Fouad Awad), Abdel al-Latif, and Abu Ali.[9] During the week-long standoff Kuhlmann and her associates made demands of Israel, including the release of Palestinian political prisoners, as well as a ransom from France.[6] They also demanded the release of their allies Werner Hoppe, Jan-Carl Raspe, Ingrid Schubert, Ralf Reinders, Fritz Teufel, and Inge Viett.[7] Israelis were separated from non-Israelis and the threat of execution was made if the demands were not met.[6]

Operation Entebbe

Kuhlmann, along with her fellow terrorist Wilfried Böse and the other hijackers, were killed in Operation Entebbe, the successful Israeli commando raid to free the remaining hostages. They fell without firing a shot. [6]

  • Kuhlmann is portrayed by Austrian-born American actress Bibi Besch in the made-for-TV film Victory at Entebbe (1976). In the fim, her character is credited as German Woman.
  • Kuhlmann is played by Austrian actress Sybil Danning in the film Mivtsa Yonatan (1977; literally Operation Jonathan, called Operation Thunderbolt in English-speaking markets). In the film, her name is Halima.
  • Kuhlmann is played by American actress Mariclare Costello in the made-for-TV film Raid on Entebbe (1977). Her character is named Gabrielle Krieger in the film.
  • Kuhlmann is portrayed by Katharina Schüttler in Carlos (2010).
  • Kuhlmann is portrayed by Rosamund Pike in Entebbe (2018, called 7 Days in Entebbe in Canada and the US).

References
  1. "Brothers in blood: the international terrorist network", Ovid Demaris. Scribner, 1977. ISBN 0-684-15192-8, ISBN 978-0-684-15192-2. p. 39
  2. "The Struggle against terrorism, Volume 49, Issue 3", William P. Lineberry. H. W. Wilson, 1977. ISBN 0-8242-0605-3, ISBN 978-0-8242-0605-5. p. 39
  3. "Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces", Simon Dunstan. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2011. ISBN 1-4488-1868-0, ISBN 978-1-4488-1868-6. p. 10-16
  4. "Castles Made of Sand: A Century of Anglo-American Espionage and Intervention in the Middle East", André Gerolymatos. Macmillan, 2010. ISBN 0-312-35569-6, ISBN 978-0-312-35569-2.
  5. "Der Spiegel, Volume 30, Issues 1-9", R. Augstein, 1976. Accessed March 3, 2011
  6. "Operation Thunderbolt - Raid on Entebbe", H2G2. BBC. Accessed March 3, 2011
  7. "The Red Army Faction: a documentary history. Projectiles for the people", J. Smith, André Moncourt, Bill Dunne. PM Press, 2009. ISBN 1-60486-029-4, ISBN 978-1-60486-029-0. p. 439-440
  8. Haaretz, Setting the Record Straight: Entebbe Was Not Auschwitz, Yossi Melman, Jul 08, 2011 11:49 AM, http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/setting-the-record-straight-entebbe-was-not-auschwitz-1.372131
  9. Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11 0812201876 Mark Ensalaco - 2012 -"And there was another man who arrived at Entebbe but who vanished before the hostage crisis ended in violence. The press, citing Israeli sources, identified him as Anton Degas Bouvier, an associate of Carlos. In fact, Bouvier was probably Fouad Awad, a former Lebanese army officer, who was now an operational commander for the PFLP."
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