Brachyhypopomus

Brachyhypopomus is a genus of fish in the family Hypopomidae (bluntnose knifefish) native primarily to tropical and subtropical South America (south to the Río de la Plata Basin), although a single species, B. occidentalis, also occurs in Panama and Costa Rica.[1][2] They are found in a wide range of static or slow-flowing freshwater habitats such as edges of rivers, streams, floodplains and swamps, but they are absent from deep river channels (a habitat of many other knifefish).[2] There are both species in well-oxygenated waters and poorly oxygenated waters; those in the latter have adaptions that allow them to survive this like larger gills or the capability of gulping up mouthfuls of air from the water surface.[2][3] Brachyhypopomus feed during the night on small invertebrates.[2]

Brachyhypopomus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Gymnotiformes
Family:
Hypopomidae
Genus:
Brachyhypopomus

Type species
Rhamphichthys brevirostris

They are small to medium sized knifefish, reaching up to 12–46 cm (4.7–18.1 in) in total length depending on the species involved.[1][2] Overall the various species are similar in general shape, but they do differ in morphometrics and meristics. They vary in general color and pattern, but are well-camouflaged and typically brownish. During the night they change color and become very pale, even species that are dark-colored during the day. Brachyhypopomus are very similar to Microsternarchus and Procerusternarchus.[2]

Species

There are currently 28 recognized species in this genus:[1]

  • Brachyhypopomus alberti Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus arrayae Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus batesi Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus beebei (L. P. Schultz, 1944)
  • Brachyhypopomus belindae Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus benjamini Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus bennetti Sullivan, Zuanon & Cox-Fernandes, 2013[4]
  • Brachyhypopomus bombilla Loureiro & A. C. Silva, 2006
  • Brachyhypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner, 1868)
  • Brachyhypopomus bullocki Sullivan & Hopkins, 2009
  • Brachyhypopomus cunia Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus diazae (Fernández-Yépez, 1972)
  • Brachyhypopomus draco Giora, L. R. Malabarba & Crampton, 2008
  • Brachyhypopomus flavipomus Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus gauderio (formerly Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus) Giora & L. R. Malabarba, 2009
  • Brachyhypopomus hamiltoni Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus hendersoni Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis (W. J. E. M. Costa & Campos-da-Paz, 1992)
  • Brachyhypopomus jureiae Triques & Khamis, 2003
  • Brachyhypopomus menezesi Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus occidentalis (Regan, 1914)
  • Brachyhypopomus palenque Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus regani Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus sullivani Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016 [2]
  • Brachyhypopomus verdii Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
  • Brachyhypopomus walteri Sullivan, Zuanon & Cox-Fernandes, 2013[4]

References
  1. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Brachyhypopomus in FishBase. June 2017 version.
  2. Crampton, W.G.R., de Santana, C.D., Waddell, J.C. & Lovejoy, N.R. (2016): Clifford,W,J A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species. Neotropical Ichthyology, 14 (4): e150146.
  3. Carvalho, L.N.; L. Fidelis; R. Arruda; A. Galuch; K. Zuanon (2013). "Second floor, please: the fish fauna of floating litter banks in Amazonian streams and rivers". Neotrop. Ichthyol. 11 (1): 78–91. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252013000100010.
  4. Sullivan, J.P., Zuanon, J. & Cox Fernandes, C. (2013): Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys, 327: 1–34.
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