Bourke, New South Wales

Bourke is a town in the north-west of New South Wales, Australia. The administrative centre and largest town in Bourke Shire, Bourke is approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) north-west of the state capital, Sydney, on the south bank of the Darling River.

Bourke
New South Wales
Court house
Population1,824 (2016 census)[1]
Postcode(s)2840
Elevation106 m (348 ft)
Location
LGA(s)Bourke Shire
State electorate(s)Barwon
Federal Division(s)Parkes
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
28.1 °C
83 °F		 13.3 °C
56 °F		 300.7 mm
11.8 in

History

The location of the current township of Bourke on a bend in the Darling River is the traditional country of the Ngemba people.[2]

The first white explorer to encounter the river was Charles Sturt in 1828 who named it after Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales. Having struck the region during an intense drought and a low river, Sturt dismissed the area as largely uninhabitable and short of any features necessary for establishing reliable industry on the land.

A Camel caravan in Bourke circa 1900

It was not until the mid-1800s following a visit by colonial surveyor and explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell in 1835 that settlement of the area began. Following tensions with the local people Mitchell built a small stockade to protect his men and named it Fort Bourke after then Governor Sir Richard Bourke. This first crude structure became the foundation for a fledgling community with a small number of agricultural and livestock farms established in the region shortly afterwards. The area started to flourish when its location on the Darling River had it recognised as a key trade centre, linking the nearby outback agricultural industries with the east coast trade routes via the Darling River.

Bourke was surveyed for a town in 1869 and soon established itself as the outback trade hub of New South Wales with several transportation industries setting up branches in the town. By the 1880s Bourke would host a Cobb & Co Coach Terminus, several paddle boat companies running the Darling and a bridge crossing the river that would allow for road transportation into the town.

Opened on 4 May 1883, the North Bourke Bridge was designed by J H Daniels and modified in 1895 and 1903 by E M de Burgh. Its construction was begun by David BailIie and completed by McCulloch & Co. The 1895 modifications led to improved designs for subsequent lift-span bridges. The bridge is the oldest moveable-span bridge in Australia and is the sole survivor of its type in New South Wales. It served for 114 years before being bypassed in 1997 when a new bridge carrying the Mitchell Highway was opened just downstream.[3]

By 1885 Bourke would be accessible by rail, confirming its position as a major inland transport hub. Like many outback Australian townships, Bourke would come to rely on camels for overland transport, and the area supported a large Afghan community that had been imported to drive the teams of camels. A small Afghan mosque that dates back to the 1900s can be found within Bourke cemetery.

As trade moved away from river transport routes, Bourke's hold on the inland trade industry began to relax. Whilst no longer considered a trade centre, Bourke serves instead as a key service centre for the state's north western regions. In this semi-arid outback landscape, sheep farming along with some small irrigated cotton crops comprise the primary industry in the area today.[4]

Bourke's traditional landholders endured a similar fate to indigenous people across Australia. Dispossessed of their traditional country and in occasional conflict with white settlers, they battled a loss of land and culture and were hit hard by European disease. While the population of the local Ngemba and Barkindji people around the town of Bourke had dwindled by the late 19th century, many continued to live a traditional lifestyle in the region. Others found employment on local stations working with stock and found their skill as trackers in high demand.

A large influx of displaced Aboriginal peoples from other areas in the 1940s saw Bourke's indigenous community grow and led to the establishment of a reserve in 1946 by the Aborigines Protection Board. The majority of indigenous settlers were Wangkumara people from the Tibooburra region.[5]

In 1962, local high jumper Percy Hobson became the first person of Aboriginal descent to win a Commonwealth Games gold medal for Australia in Perth. The 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall Hobson jumped 13 in (33 cm) above his height to win the event with a Games record leap of 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m). Hobson was celebrated on his return to Bourke and greeted by a brass band playing "Hail the Conquering Hero".[6]

Heritage listings
The old Towers Drug Company Building - built 1889-90
Bourke Post Office - built 1880

Bourke has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Population

In 2016, there were 1,824 people in Bourke.

  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 38.0% of the population.
  • 78.1% of people were born in Australia and 80.2% spoke only English at home.
  • The most popular (40.2%) religion was Catholicism.[1]

In Bourke today, there are 21 recognised indigenous language groups, including Ngemba, Barkindji, Wangkumara and Muruwari.

Climate
Mitchell Street, Bourke, in "The Wet", a flood that occurred in 1890

Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Bourke has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) with a mild amount of rainfall throughout the year. On 4 January 1903, Bourke recorded a maximum temperature of 49.7 °C (121.5 °F), making it tied for the highest temperature recorded anywhere in New South Wales with Menindee, which is located further to the south, and one of the highest maximums ever to be recorded in Australia.[14]

Climate data for Bourke
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 49.7
(121.5)		 47.1
(116.8)		 43.0
(109.4)		 38.6
(101.5)		 32.1
(89.8)		 28.0
(82.4)		 26.5
(79.7)		 34.8
(94.6)		 38.9
(102.0)		 41.6
(106.9)		 46.6
(115.9)		 48.9
(120.0)		 49.7
(121.5)
Average high °C (°F) 37.0
(98.6)		 35.5
(95.9)		 32.5
(90.5)		 28.1
(82.6)		 22.7
(72.9)		 18.7
(65.7)		 18.4
(65.1)		 21.3
(70.3)		 25.6
(78.1)		 29.9
(85.8)		 32.8
(91.0)		 35.2
(95.4)		 28.1
(82.6)
Average low °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8)		 21.7
(71.1)		 18.4
(65.1)		 13.3
(55.9)		 8.4
(47.1)		 6.1
(43.0)		 4.2
(39.6)		 5.0
(41.0)		 9.3
(48.7)		 13.7
(56.7)		 17.5
(63.5)		 20.3
(68.5)		 13.3
(55.9)
Record low °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8)		 11.0
(51.8)		 5.8
(42.4)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 3.1
(37.6)		 7.0
(44.6)		 10.9
(51.6)		 −3.5
(25.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 31.6
(1.24)		 34.6
(1.36)		 38.7
(1.52)		 23.9
(0.94)		 25.9
(1.02)		 33.9
(1.33)		 14.2
(0.56)		 12.5
(0.49)		 19.5
(0.77)		 20.4
(0.80)		 37.7
(1.48)		 37.2
(1.46)		 300.7
(11.84)
Average precipitation days 5.1 5.2 4.8 3.3 4.5 6.8 4.5 3.3 4.3 4.6 6.1 4.6 57.1
Source: [15]

http://www.farmonlineweather.com.au/climate/station.jsp?lt=site&lc=48013

Education

Bourke has many schools for preschool children, primary and high school students. The Bourke – Walgett school of Distance education allows children to be schooled at home, from preschool to year 12.

Transportation
The unsealed Bourke-Wilcannia highway links the two towns.

Bourke can be reached by the Mitchell Highway from both the north from Cunnamulla and from the southeast from Nyngan. Brewarrina and Walgett are located on the Kamilaroi Highway that has its western terminus in Bourke. Moree and Goondiwindi, located on the Newell Highway, connect to Bourke via various roads. Cobar via the Kidman Way, is connected from the south.

The town is also served by Bourke Airport (private aircraft only at present) and has NSW TrainLink bus service to other regional centres such as Dubbo. It was formerly the largest inland port in the world for exporting wool on the Darling River. The Bourke court house is unique in inland Australia in that it was originally a maritime court and to this day maintains that distinction. That distinction is evident in the crowns that sits above the finials of the flag poles atop the corner parapets of the building.

Prior to its closure, Bourke railway station was the terminus of the Main Western railway line. The railway extension from Byrock opened on 3 September 1885.[16] Passenger services on the line were cancelled in September 1975 with the line closing down entirely in 1986, leaving the station derelict.[17]

The Tourist Information Centre is located on the Mitchell Highway at The Back 'O Bourke Exhibition Centre.[18]

Cultural significance
Telegraph Hotel established 1875, now Riverside Motel

Bourke is considered to represent the edge of the settled agricultural districts and the gateway to the outback that lies north and west of Bourke. This is reflected in a traditional east coast Australian expression "back o' Bourke".

In 1892 a young writer Henry Lawson was sent to Bourke by the Bulletin editor J.F. Archibald to get a taste of outback life and to try to curb his heavy drinking. In Lawson's own words "I got £5 and a railway ticket from the Bulletin and went to Bourke. Painted, picked up in a shearing shed and swagged it for six months". The experience was to have a profound effect on the 25-year-old and his encounter with the harsh realities of bush life inspired much of his subsequent work. Lawson would later write "if you know Bourke you know Australia". In 1992 eight poems, written under a pseudonym and published in the Western Herald, were discovered in the Bourke library archives and confirmed to be Lawson's work.[19]

Bush poets Harry 'Breaker' Morant and William Ogilvie also spent time in the Bourke region and based much of their work on the experience.

Eye surgeon Fred Hollows was buried in Bourke after his death in 1993.[20] Fred Hollows had worked in Bourke in the early 1970s and had asked to be buried there.

The Telegraph Hotel, established in 1888 beside the Darling River, has been restored and now operates as the Riverside Motel.[21]

Crime

In 2008, persistently high levels of crime in Bourke led to a ban of the takeaway sales of beer in glass bottles, fortified wine larger than 750 ml and cask wine larger than two litres with only 3.5% or less alcohol non-glass bottles being sold midday.[22][23] A U.S.-style justice reinvestment program has also been put in place to combat crime.[24]

Media

The town is served by seven FM and two AM radio stations, and five television channels.

The commercial radio stations are Rebel FM and The Breeze. Rebel FM broadcasts on 104.9 FM (MHz) and The Breeze broadcasts on 107.3 FM (MHz) from Mt Oxley, Bourke. Both stations are part of the Rebel Media group. ABC radio broadcasts on both the FM and AM bands and is pivotal to maintaining rural and community ties in the area.

There are two regional community radio stations based in Bourke. 2WEB broadcasts with 10,000 watts on 585 AM. 2CUZ FM is the regional Indigenous radio station in Bourke. It broadcasts locally on 106.5 FM. Both station broadcast to a myriad of communities in the region. The local paper, The Western Herald, is published on a weekly basis (every Thursday) year-round, except during a short break at Christmas.

See also

References
  1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Bourke (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  2. Bourke Shire Aboriginal Heritage Study (PDF) (Report). Dubbo, NSW: OzArk Environmental & Heritage Management. Bourke Shire Council. January 2019. p. 23.
  3. Don Fraser for the Engineering Heritage Committee Engineers Australia, Sydney and the Bourke Shire Council (October 2004). "PLAQUING NOMINATION FOR THE 1883 LIFT BRIDGE AT BOURKE N.S.W. AS A NATIONAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK" (PDF).
  4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. "St. Ignatius Roman Catholic Church, Convent & Site". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H00603. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  8. "Towers Drug Company Building (former)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H00383. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  9. "Bourke Post Office". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01404. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  10. "Bourke Court House". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H00791. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  11. "Ardsilla". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H00198. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  12. "Old London Bank Building". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H00764. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  13. "North Bourke Bridge, Darling River, 1883 | www.engineersaustralia.org.au". portal.engineersaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  14. "Australia: Climate Extremes" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Australian Government. January 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  15. "Monthly climate statistics". Bureau of Meteorology.
  16. "THE RAILWAY TO BOURKE". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 29 August 1885. p. 10. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  17. "'I don't know how we come back from this': Australia's big dry sucks life from once-proud towns". The Guardian. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  18. Bourke station. NSWrail.net, accessed 8 September 2009.
  19. "background_lawson". robynleeburrows.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  20. "The Fred Hollows Foundation International : Fred in Bourke". hollows.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  21. "解体工事は業者にお任せしよう～プロ選びのコツ～ (Bourke Riverside Motel – Australian Outback Accommodation)". bourkeriversidemotel.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  22. "Bourke implements takeaway alcohol ban". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 February 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  23. Bourke bans the booze Archived 28 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, The Land 8 December 2008.
  24. "Backing Bourke". Four Corners. 19 September 2016.
  • The Darling River from Bourke Wharf
  • Old North Bourke Bridge, opened in 1883.
  • Lifting span of the old North Bourke Bridge.
  • Mosque in Bourke cemetery. 19th-century Bourke was home to many Afghan camel keepers
  • Sunday morning at the Bourke Bowls Club

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