Borophryne apogon

Borophryne apogon; Temporal range: Late Miocene to Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N [1]
	Female with parasitic male attached to belly
Conservation status
	Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Lophiiformes
Family:	Linophrynidae
Genus:	Borophryne; Regan, 1925 [2]
Species:	B. apogon
Binomial name
	Borophryne apogon; Regan, 1925 [3]

Borophryne apogon, the netdevil, or greedy seadevil, is a species of leftvent anglerfish known today from the waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean off the Central American coast. It is found at depths down to around 1,750 m (5,700 ft). This species grows to a length of 8.3 centimetres (3.3 in) TL. A fossil specimen of this species has been found in the Los Angeles Basin dating back to the Late Miocene, some eight million years ago.

Netdevil links here. For the online roleplaying game company see NetDevil.

Description

A metamorphosed female Borophryne apogon is globose, and grows to a maximum length of about 100 mm (4 in). The depth of the head is between 40% and 55% of the fish's standard length and the length of the head is between 50% and 60% of the standard length, with the lower jaw being four fifths of the length of the head. Three rows of long, sharp teeth line the jaws and there are up to four teeth on the roof of the mouth. The illicium on the snout is short and the esca on its tip is large with a branching terminal appendage and filaments on the side. There is a rounded protuberance on the forehead, the sphenotic spines (above the eyes) are large in young specimens but become overgrown with skin in older ones, and there is a symphysial spine at the tip of the jaw. The caudal peduncle is particularly short. The head and body are dark reddish-brown, or completely black, and the fins are usually colourless. The dorsal fin and the anal fin both have three soft rays, while the pectoral fins have fifteen to eighteen rays each, and the caudal fin has nine.[4] This anglerfish is similar in appearance to Linophryne, but lacks the barbel on the chin.[4]

A free-living metamorphosed male grows to a length of about 17 mm (0.7 in). It differs from other leftvent anglerfish in having no premaxillae and having large sphenotic spines. The jaws bear no teeth, but there are up to six or seven strong, short placoid scales above and below the mouth which meet when the jaws are closed. The olfactory organs are large and unpigmented, but the rest of the head and body is lightly pigmented and pale brown.[4]

Distribution

This species is found only in the tropical eastern Pacific. Its range extends from the lower Gulf of California to the Gulf of Panama, in an area delineated by 29°N to 7°N and 113°W to 78°W. It is a deep water fish and has been found in the bathypelagic zone at depths down to about 1,750 m (5,700 ft).[5]

Evolution

A fossil of Borophryne apogon and one of the closely related headlight angler (Linophryne indica) were found in Late Miocene laminated deposits in the eastern sector of the Los Angeles Basin, California, during construction of a metro line subway station in Los Angeles.[1] The assemblage of anglerfish included several other extant species of anglerfish.[1]

Biology

When a free-living male B. apogon encounters a female he latches onto her belly with his mouth and their tissues gradually fuse, with the male becoming parasitic. Free-living males and unparasitised females never have fully developed gonads, but after fusion, the male's gonads enlarge and he continues to grow, the largest known parasitic male being about 22 mm (0.9 in) long.[6]

References

Carnevale, Giorgio; Pietsch, Theodore W.; Takeuchi, Gary T.; Hiddleston, Richard W. (2008). "Fossil ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes) from the Miocene of the Los Angeles Basin, California" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 82 (5): 996–1008. doi:10.1666/07-113.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
Bailly, Nicolas (2015). "Borophryne Regan, 1925". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Bailly, Nicolas (2015). "Borophryne apogon Regan, 1925". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Pietsch, Theodore W. (2009). Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea. University of California Press. pp. 160, 486. ISBN 978-0-520-94255-4.
"Borophryne apogon Regan, 1925: Netdevil". FishBase. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
Pietsch, Theodore W. (2009). Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea. University of California Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-520-94255-4.

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[CarnevalePietsch-1] Carnevale, Giorgio; Pietsch, Theodore W.; Takeuchi, Gary T.; Hiddleston, Richard W. (2008). "Fossil ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes) from the Miocene of the Los Angeles Basin, California" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 82 (5): 996–1008. doi:10.1666/07-113.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-07-19.

[2] Bailly, Nicolas (2015). "Borophryne Regan, 1925". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 8 January 2016.

[WoRMS-3] Bailly, Nicolas (2015). "Borophryne apogon Regan, 1925". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 8 January 2016.

[Pietsch-4] Pietsch, Theodore W. (2009). Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea. University of California Press. pp. 160, 486. ISBN 978-0-520-94255-4.

[FishBase-5] "Borophryne apogon Regan, 1925: Netdevil". FishBase. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

[6] Pietsch, Theodore W. (2009). Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea. University of California Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-520-94255-4.