Black Swan Records

Black Swan Records was an American jazz and blues record label founded in 1921 in Harlem, New York. It was the first widely distributed label to be owned, operated, and marketed to African Americans. (Broome Special Phonograph Records was the first to be owned and operated by African Americans).[1] Black Swan was revived in the 1990s for CD reissues of historic jazz and blues recordings.

This article is about the 1920s US record label. For the 1960s UK label, see Black Swan Records (UK).
Black Swan Records
Parent companyJazzology
Founded1921 (1921)
FounderHarry Pace
Distributor(s)George H. Buck Jr. Jazz Foundation
GenreJazz, blues
Country of originU.S.
LocationNew Orleans, Louisiana
Official websitewww.jazzology.com

History

Black Swan's parent company, Pace Phonograph Corporation, was founded in March 1921 by Harry Pace and was based in Harlem.[2] The new production company was formed after Pace's music publishing partnership with W. C. Handy, Pace & Handy, had dissolved.[2] Notably, Black Swan, which sought to specialize in classical recordings, served as an investment opportunity for the Talented Tenth. As recognized by Thomas Brothers, "luminaries like Jack Nail and James Weldon Johnson served on the Black Swan board of directors, and the Crisis, the mouthpiece of Du Bois and the NAACP, invested its profits there."[3]

Bert Williams was an early investor in Pace Phonograph. Williams also promised to record for the company once his exclusive contract with Columbia Records ended, but he died before that could occur.

Pace Phonograph Corporation was renamed Black Swan Phonograph Company in the fall of 1922. Both the record label and production company were named after 19th century opera star Elizabeth Greenfield, who was known as the Black Swan.[4]

1921 record by Alberta Hunter

Former employees of Pace & Handy staffed the new company: Fletcher Henderson, the recording manager, provided piano accompaniment for singers and led a small band for recording sessions. William Grant Still was named arranger and later musical director.[4] Ads for Black Swan often ran in The Crisis, the magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which Du Bois edited.[5]

Black Swan proved moderately successful. It recorded African American musicians, but as the label grew in popularity, Pace believed competing white-owned labels such as Columbia Records sought to "obstruct the progress and curtail the popularity of Black Swan Records".[6] Although advertising for Black Swan Records claimed all its musicians and employees were African American, it sometimes used white musicians to back some of its singers.

The production company declared bankruptcy in December 1923, and in March 1924 Paramount Records bought the Black Swan label. The Chicago Defender reported the event by noting important accomplishments of Black Swan in a short career span, including: pointed out—to the major, all white-owned, record companies—the significant market demand for black artists; prompted several major companies to begin publishing music by these performers. In addition, the Defender credited Pace with showing the majors how to target black audiences and to advertise in black newspapers. Paramount discontinued the Black Swan label a short time later.

The Black Swan label was revived in the 1990s for a series of CD reissues of historic jazz and blues recordings originally issued on Black Swan and Paramount. These CDs were issued by George H. Buck's Jazzology and GHB labels under the control of the George H. Buck Jr. Jazz Foundation, which gained rights to the Paramount back-catalogue but not the Paramount name. Rights to the name "Black Swan Records" were also transferred to GHB.

Artists

See also
  • List of record labels

References
  1. Sutton and Nauck, p. 21, 27
  2. Weusi, Jitu K. (1996). "The Rise and Fall of Black Swan Records". A History of Jazz Before 1930. The Red Hot Jazz Archive. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  3. Brothers, Thomas (2014). Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 127–29. ISBN 978-0-393-06582-4.
  4. Brooks 2004, p. 168.
  5. "To the Investing Public (advertisement)". The Crisis. New York. 25 (1): 44. November 1922. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  6. "Pace Company Alleges That New Singer Under Contract is Being Featured by Columbia Company as its Exclusive Artist, Will Sue." 14 Jan 1922, The Dallas Express newspaper.
  7. Settlemier, Tyrone (September 19, 2008). "Black Swan 2000 Series numerical listing". The Online Discographical Project. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  8. "The Crisis". 1921.
  9. Black Recording Artists, 1877-1926: An Annotated Discography. 18 December 2012. ISBN 9781476600857.
  10. Carney Smith, Jessie (1992). Notable Black American Women. Detroit u.a.: Gale. ISBN 0-8103-4749-0.
  11. "White Performers on Black Swan". Mainspring Press. 2005. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  12. Settlemier, Tyrone (November 30, 2006). "Black Swan miscellaneous series". The Online Discographical Project. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  13. Sutton, Allan (August 29, 2007). "Black Swan's Other Stars". Mainspring Press. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2010.

Bibliography
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