Bhai Lakhi Rai Banjara
Bhai Lakhisha Banjara (4 July 1580 – 7 June 1680) was a Banjara trader, civil contrator and the owner of four villages located in Delhi. He was also supplying goods for the Mughal Army.[note 1]
Bhai Lakhi sha Banjara | |
|---|---|
| Born | 4 July 1580 Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Died | 7 June 1680 New Delhi |
| Monuments | Lohagarh Fort,[1] Red fort, Sarai Vanjara, Gurudwara Rakabganj |
| Occupation | Transporter, trader, civil contrator |
| Known for | Cremation the body of Guru Tegh Bahadur |
| Partner(s) | Bhai Makan Shah Lubana |
| Children | Bhai Nagaiya, Bhai Hema, Bhai Harhi, Bhai Pandara, Bhai Bakshi, Bhai Bala, Bhai Jawahar |
| Parent(s) | Naik Godhu |
| Relatives | Bhai Mani Singh (son-in-law) |
Bhai Lakhisha Banjara was born in Khairpur, Muzaffarpur, Pakistan. He died on 7 June 1680 at Malcha Palace at the age of 99 years and 10 months. He had eight sons, seventeen grandsons and twenty-four great-grandsons.
Biography
Bhai Lakhi was a rich trader from Delhi. He was the owner of four villages in Delhi named Malcha, Raisina, Baharkamba and Narela. He belonged to a Banjara family. He was supplying saddles, limestone, bridles, Stirrup, and reins for the Mughal Army. Lakhi also used to trade cotton, lime powder, and calcium hydroxide. He had four Tandas,[note 2] each with 50,000 bulk carts, and 100,000 armed forces for the protection and management of tanda. He used to import and export goods from Central Asia to India. His grandfather Nayak Thakur was one of the main suppliers of the Mughal Army during the reign of Akbar. He was the main contractor for the construction of Red Fort, Delhi. He employed more than 400,000 people.
Bhai Lakhi was indulged in inter-regional exchanges in agriculture products, construction materials, and livestock. A former administrative unit of the Indian subcontinent Pargana, Sehwān, Sindh, and the Bhotiyas of central Himalayas traded with Bhai Lakhi by exchanging camels, horses, oxen, sheep, goats, in lieu of exchanging food grains and weapons following the barter system. Tanda of the Banjara carried all their household along with them, consisted of many families in one tanda. Their purpose of life was somewhat like carriers, they were continuously moving from one place to another for trading purposes.
Bhai Lakhi convoy carried between one ton to ten tons of load. Despite the slow speed, the amount of inexpensive goods moved was essentially considerable to the mass market. His tanda comprised 4 lakh people and each family had a hundred oxen to carry the goods. The total number of oxen was about 9 million (assuming the conventional ratio of 4 to 5 members per family). Each group of oxen carried loads for about one-third of the year with 15km per day journey. The massive trading of Banjara made him one of the richest traders of the country. He constructed wells and ponds after every 10 kilometers on the trade route so that livestock and their companions could easily get water. The archaeological evidence of ponds and wells constructed by Bhai Lakhi are still found in many parts of the country.
He also constructed several Sarais (caravanserai) [note 3] for the purpose of night halt. Such unified operations enabled him to conduct the trade more comfortably.
Legacy and memorials
Relationship with Guru Nanak
In order to fight the oppression against Mughals, his family was associated with Guru Nanak and Baba Banda Singh Bahadur. Bhai Banjara and his brother Bhai Gurdas were close associates of Guru Hargobind, Guru Har Rai, Guru Har Krishan, Guru Tegh Bahadur, and Baba Gurditta. After his death, his sons Bhai Hema, Bhai Naghaiya (latter became Jawahar Singh), Bhai Haria and his daughter Bibi Seeto, (later became Basant Kaur) were close associates of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib, the tenth Sikh Guru. From 1700 to 1704, Bhai Hema, Bhai Naghaiya and Bhai Haria, along with Guru Gobind Singh were martyred at Anandpur fighting against Mughals.
Later, his grandsons Bhai Agraj Singh and Bhai Faraj Singh, who were among the main generals of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur were also killed during the battles of Lohgarh and Sadhaura. Both of them were killed on 09 June 1716, along with Baba Banda Singh Bahadur at Delhi. He dedicated almost 80 years of his life to flourishing Sikhism and sacrificed his wealth and family members for the sake of Sikhism.
Notable memorials
Lohagarh Fort, established by Baba Banda Singh Bahadur, is spread on almost 7000 acres land. It is situated in the old state of Nahan, now in district Yamuna Nagar of Haryana and district Sirmour of Himanchal Pradesh. The fort Lohgarh is in the revenue estates of Lohgarh (HP), Haripur (HP), Jhil (HP), Mehtawali (HP), Palori (HP), Sukron (HP), Maharonwala (HP), Bhagwanpur Nathauri (Haryana), Dhanaura (Haryana), Nagli (Haryana) and Mohindinpur (Haryana). The circumference of the fort is about 30 km. Archaeological evidence and engineering formulas (time and motion study) depicts that it took almost 70 to 80 years for making fortifications in such a huge area. (This research has been conducted by the Lohgarh Trust of Yamunanagar)
The presence of these archaeological structures related to Bhai Lakhi Shah Vanjara near Lohgarh Fort indicates that Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara contributed to the construction of Lohgarh Fort around 1630 to 1675. Bhai Lakhi Shah Vanjara was a rich trader who had good relationships with Mughals, as he used to pay heavy taxes. His movement in the vicinity of Lohgarh, never came under the suspicious radar of Mughals and he continued to supply construction material, arms, horses and food items to the men, indulged in the construction of the Fort Lohgarh. He inhabited more than 80 villages having a Sikh population in the vicinity of Lohgarh, which was later destroyed by the Mughal.
Rai Banjara was a strategist and a warrior. He established many cottage industries in the pargana of Khizrabad situated on the Dabar hills. This area was an undulated land with a thorny jungle. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area around Lohgarh was unproductive and had no income because there was no agricultural activity in the area. Hence, Mughal's military unit Mansabdars had no interest in the said land.
The sparse population and rough terrain in the vicinity of Lohgarh allowed Sikhs and Banjara to live near Lohgarh to accomplish the divine and secret mission of constructing the fort Lohgarh.
In order to create employment opportunities, cottage industries pertaining to various tasks were established. Weapon industry was established in the revenue estate of village Vansantoor and Sikh Tandas brought iron ore and copper ore from Bihar mines. Fire clay toy factory was established in the revenue estate of village Sandhya. A number of brick kilns were created by the Sikhs to produce the construction material for the Lohgarh fort and its ancillary forts. The quarries of limestone were brought in an abundant quantity in the Shivalik Hills. The other raw material such as stone was also comfortably available near the point of construction of the fort. Steady, it became an important trading center, education center and army training center for the Sikhs. Well developed market of timber in the pargana of Khizrabad, helped in the flourishing of the Sikh trade movement. From Khizrabad, the goods were easily transported through the waterways like boat transport system and also by bullock carts.
Several other forts were also constructed by the Sikhs under the guidance of Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara in the 17th century, near the Kotwali of Buria. Garhi Banjara, Dayalgarh and Sugh are the places where the forts of the Banjara Sikhs were exist. These places are situated on the bank of Yamuna river. These forts were later destroyed by the Mughals after 1716, but there is still sufficient archeological evidence on the site. The revenue records of 1852, also reflect the existence of forts in the said area.
Persian sources (Ahkam-I-Alamgir 1703–1707, translated by Irfan Habib) described that
In this while, Muhammad Auliya, resident of the township of Buria, in parana Khizrabad, sarkar Sahrind [Sirhind], has reported through persons known to this just world- adorning Court that his Highness [the addressee] had, in accordance with imperial orders, and in concert with the qazi, (Nanak-parastan) in the said township, and built a mosque, installing a dervish Saivid Muzaffar by name, for the offering of Muslim prayers in that mosque. The said people i.e. 'the Nanak investigation, they have admitted having killed him. But, owing to the representation made by some of them who have come to this benevolent Court, the qazi and muhtasib of that place have been dismissed without any fault of theirs; and 'Alimullah has been appointed qazi and his father the muhtasib [lit. given (the charge of) ihtisab]. The world-binding order has been issued that his Highness may be written to, as to why such negligence has occurred. Amends should be made in a commendable manner. "It belongs to Him, and is on God's account." It was also ordered that he should write the true facts about the previous qazi and muhtasib, and, till the receipt of his reply, the orders of appointment of the proposed qazi and muhtasib be not issued.
Bhai Lakhi and his descendants played a significant role in the construction of Lohgarh and helped Sikhs prepare to fight the oppression of the Mugals.
There was a considerable amount of population of Banjara Sikhs in the pargana of Khizrabad, and after 1716 they were gradually killed during the Mughals regime. Some Sikh populations were forcibly converted to Islam, and the population moved to Pakistan after Partition of India occurred in 1947.
Fort Lohgarh- Khalsa Rajdhani
Fort Lohgarh- Khalsa Rajdhani
remnant of Fort Lohgarh
remnant of Fort Lohgarh
remnant of Fort Lohgarh
remnant of Fort Lohgarh
Works
| Place | Remarks |
|---|---|
| Sarai Banjara, Baradari, near Basantpur, Tehsil Rajpura, District. Patiala, Punjab | This sarai is related to Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara.
|
| Gurudwara Nau Lakha Sahib, District. Patiala.Punjab | Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara met Guru Teg Bahadur Singh Ji (1660-1675), |
| Ishargarh, District. Kurukshetra, Haryana | Well related to Lakhi Shah Banjara. |
| Ismailabad, District. Kurukshetra,Haryana | Well related to Lakhi Shah Banjara. |
| Bigar, District Fatehbad, Haryana | Properties related to Lakhi Shah Banjara 300 Acres, presently under the control of the Gurudwara Prabank Committee, New Delhi. |
| Pinjore to Nala Garh road, Balsola, Haryana | 5 acres pond on the name of Lakhi Shah Banjara |
| Nala Garh road, Himachal Pradesh | 5 places related to Lakhi Shah Banjara, particularly Nanakpur, Nawa Nagar. Some natural springs are there and archeological evidence is there. |
| Malcha Mahal, New Delhi | Fort of Bhai Lakhi Rai Banjara at Malcha Village, Presently under the control of Nawab of Awad. |
| Guru Rakab Ganj, New Delhi. | The Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib is a historic gurdwara near Parliament House in New Delhi. |
| 55 wells found in the vicinity of lohgarh | Bhai Lakhi Rai Banjara constructed wells near fort lohgarh. |
| 5 Lakhi orchard | There are five orchards related to Bhai Lakhi Rai Vanjara, i.e. at Dehradoon, New Delhi, Saharanpur, Darbhanga & Lucknow. |
| Lakhi Sarai | a district in Bihar on the name of Bhai Lakhi Rai Banjara. |
| Fort Lohgarh -Khalsa Rajdhani | construction of the fort started in 1630 by Bhai Lakhi Rai Vanjara in association with Guru Har Gobind Sahib, Guru Har Rai Sahib & Guru Tegh Bahadur. |
Relations wit Guru Granth
Sikh Guru and Bhagati movement saints have given great importance to Tandas, Banjara and Naiks tribes in central religious scripture of Sikhism Guru Granth Sahib. Banjara culture had used to explain the Gurmat and to achieve the salvation of the true Lord. It indicates that the Banjaras were very close to Sikh Gurus and the Bhagati movements saints.
Bhagat Kabir Sahib narrates:
ਨਾਇਕੁ ਏਕੁ ਬਨਜਾਰੇ ਪਾਚ॥
naa-ik ayk banjaaray paach.
There are one Leader and five traders.— Guru Granth Sahib (1194)
aisaa naa-ik raam hamaaraa.
My Lord is such a wealthy merchant!
ਸਗਲ ਸੰਸਾਰੁ ਕੀਓ ਬਨਜਾਰਾ॥੧॥ ਰਹਾਉ॥
sagal sansaar kee-o banjaaraa. ॥1॥ rahaa-o.
He has made the whole world his peddler.॥— Guru Granth Sahib (333)
Bhagat Ravi Das jio also used nomenclature of Banjaras and Tandas to achieve the salvation of God.
ਕੋ ਬਨਜਾਰੋ ਰਾਮ ਕੋ ਮੇਰਾ ਟਾਂਡਾ ਲਾਦਿਆ ਜਾਇ ਰੇ॥੧॥ ॥
कोबनजारोरामकोमेराटांडालादिआजाइरे॥१॥रहाउ॥
ko banjaaro raam ko mayraa taadaa laadi-aa jaa-ay ray. ॥1॥ rahaa-o.
Is there any merchant of the Lord to join me? My cargo is loaded, and now I am leaving. ॥1॥Pause॥— Guru Granth Sahib (346)
Guru Nanak Sahib introduces Banjaras about the true lord and call Banjaras as friend
ਪਹਿਲੈ ਪਹਰੈ ਰੈਣਿ ਕੈ ਵਣਜਾਰਿਆ ਮਿਤ੍ਰਾ ਹੁਕਮਿ ਪਇਆ ਗਰਭਾਸਿ॥
पहिलैपहरैरैणिकैवणजारिआमित्राहुकमिपइआगरभासि॥
pahilai pahrai rain kai vanjaari-aa mitraa hukam pa-i-aa garbhaas.
In the first watch of the night, O my merchant friend,
you were cast into the womb, by the Lord's Command.— Guru Granth Sahib (74)
Guru Amar das Sahib, Guru Ram das Sahib and Guru Arjun Sahib have given the reference of banjaras in various stanzas of Guru Granth Sahib.
Unrecognized contribution
Bhai Lakhisha Banjara is regarded as a hero in Sikh history, although historians have failed to justify his contributions and sacrifices to Sikhism. He is well known for his notable contributions. After Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was executed at Chadani Chowk, Delhi in 1675, he along with thousands of men, including his 4 sons, attacked Mughal Army and gave the head of Guru Sahib to Bhai Jagjivan Singh and took the trunk of Guru Sahib to his village Raisan in Delhi, where he cremate the body of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. It is worthwhile to mention here that the age of Bhai Lakhisha Banjara was 95 when this incidence took place and he died after five years Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed.
Relations with Lakhishaha
Lakhishaha banjara, an international trader who traveled around the world had family and business relationships with Bhai Makhan Shah Labana (1619-1674). He owned a fleet and traded through the Marines. Lakhi Shah, who was a Delhi-based trader, use to coordinate his business activities at Delhi.
References
Notes
- also served as the main contractor of Red Fort.
- In India and Pakistan, Tanda is used to indicate the trade associations or a group of traders.
- In India and Pakistan, Sarai (plural: Sarais) was originally built for travelers, kings, as well as for caretakers. Sarai were constructed in the form of an oblong quadrangle
Citations
- Yamunanagar, Shiv Kumar Sharma In (20 October 2017). "Fort Lohgarh to rise from ashes". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- Dr. Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Sikh History-1.
- Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs.
- The Saint of Sadhaura, Pir Budhu Shah, Gurcharan Singh, V.S Suri
- Fozi kafir, Pir Budhu Shah.
- Khushwant Singh, A history of the Sikhs second edition.
- Muzaffar Alam, The Crisis of empire in Mughal North India, ISBM-019-807741-6
- The Mughal Empire and its Decline. An Interpretation of the Sources of Social Power,ISBN 0-86078611-0.
- Sikh History From Persian Source, ISBN 978-81-89487-89-8
- History of the Punjab Hill States (J. Hutchison and J.Ph Vogel) ISBN 81-206-0942-5 and 81-206-0943-3