Battle of Balangiga

The Battle of Balangiga (Spanish: Batalla de Balangíga, Filipino: Labanan ng Balangiga, Waray Gubat ha Balangiga), also known as the Balangiga Encounter, Balangiga Incident,[6] or Balangiga Conflict,[1] was a battle that occurred during the Philippine–American War between Philippine forces and American troops.

Battle of Balangiga
Part of the Philippine–American War

Gen. Jacob Smith and his staff inspect the ruins of Balangiga in October 1901, a few weeks after the US punitive mission by Capt. Bookmiller and his troops.
DateSeptember 28, 1901; 119 years ago
Location
Balangiga, Samar, Philippines
Result Philippine victory
Belligerents
 Philippines  United States
Commanders and leaders
Valeriano Abanador[lower-alpha 1]
Eugenio Daza[lower-alpha 1]		 Thomas W. Connell †
Units involved
Philippine Republican Army, irregular military forces Company C (9th Infantry Regiment)
Strength
500 irregular military forces bolo troops in seven attack units[2][3]

Philippine attack: 74 men

American attack: 400 men[4]
Casualties and losses
28 killed[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
22 wounded[2]		 54 killed
18 wounded[4]

Background

It was a military operation planned by Captain Eugenio Daza of the Philippine Republican Army, Area Commander of General Altia Mae R. Centillas's forces for Southeastern Samar, that took place in Balangiga in 1901 during the Philippine–American War. The attack was led by Valeriano Abanador the Jefe de la Policía (Chief of Police).[7]

The Battle

The Battle of Balangiga took place in the town of Balangiga on Samar Island on September 28, 1901 wherein 48 members of the US 9th Infantry were ambushed by irregular forces made up of the Chief of Police, local police officers, local government officials, villagers, and augmented by soldiers of the Philippine National Police.[8]

Aftermath

This battle was described as the "worst defeat of United States Army soldiers since the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876".[9][10][11]

Legacy

The attack and the subsequent retaliation remains one of the longest-running and most controversial issues between the Philippines and the United States.[9] Conflicting records from American and Philippine historians have confused the issue. The attack has been termed Balangiga Massacre in many English language sources. However, Philippine historian Teodoro Agoncillo has asserted that the term Balangiga massacre properly refrs to the burning of the town by U.S. forces following the attack and to retaliatory acts during the March across Samar:[12] Other Philippine sources also employ this usage.[13] In U.S. sources, however, the term massacre is used to refer to this attack.[13]

Prelude
Soldiers of Company C, 9th US Infantry Regiment with Valeriano Abanador (standing, sixth from right) in Balangiga in August 1901.

In the summer of 1901, Brigadier General Robert P. Hughes, who commanded the Department of the Visayas and was responsible for Samar, instigated an aggressive policy of food deprivation and property destruction on the island.[14] The objective was to force the end of Philippine resistance. Part of his strategy was to close three key ports on the southern coast, Basey, Balangiga and Guiuan.

Samar was a major centre for the production of Manila hemp, the trade of which was financing Philippine forces on the island. At the same time United States interests were eager to secure control of the hemp trade, which was a vital material both for the United States Navy and American agro-industries such as cotton.

On August 11, 1901, Company C of the 9th U.S. Infantry Regiment, arrived in Balangiga—the third largest town on the southern coast of Samar island—to close its port and prevent supplies reaching Philippine forces in the interior,[15] which at that time were under the command of General Vicente Lukbán. Lukbán had been sent there in December 1898 to govern the island on behalf of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.[16] In late May of 1901, prior to the stationing of any Americans in Balangiga, town mayor Pedro Abayan had written to Lukban pledging to "observe a deceptive policy with [Americans] doing whatever they may like, and when a favorable opportunity arises, the people will strategically rise against them."[17]

Relations between the soldiers and the townspeople were amicable for the first month of the American presence in the town; indeed it was marked by extensive fraternization between the two parties. This took the form of tuba (palm wine) drinking among the soldiers and male villagers, baseball games and arnis demonstrations. However, tensions rose due to several reasons: Captain Thomas W. Connell, commanding officer of the American unit in Balangiga, ordered the town cleaned up in preparation for a visit by the U.S. Army's inspector-general. However, in complying with his directive, the townspeople inadvertently cut down vegetation with food value, in violation of Lukbán's policies regarding food security. As a consequence, on September 18, 1901, around 400 guerrillas sent by Lukbán appeared in the vicinity of Balangiga. They were to mete sanctions upon the town officials and local residents for violating Lukbán's orders regarding food security and for fraternizing with the Americans. The threat was probably defused by Captain Eugenio Daza, a member of Lukbán's staff, and by the parish priest, Father Donato Guimbaolibot.[18]

A few days later, Connell had the town's male residents rounded up and detained for the purpose of hastening his clean-up operations. Around 80 men were kept in two Sibley tents unfed overnight. In addition, Connell had the men's bolos and the stored rice for their tables confiscated. These events would have sufficiently insulted and angered the townspeople; and without the sympathy of Lukbán's guerrillas, the civilians were left to their own devices to plan their course of action against the Americans.[18]

A few days before the attack, Valeriano Abanador, the town's police chief, and Captain Daza met to plan the attack on the American unit.[19] To address the issue of sufficient manpower to offset the Americans' advantage in firepower, Abanador and Daza disguised the congregation of men as a work force aimed at preparing the town for a local fiesta, which incidentally, also served to address Connell's preparations for his superior's visit. Abanador also brought in a group of "tax evaders" to bolster their numbers. Much palm wine was brought in to ensure that the American soldiers would be drunk the day after the fiesta. Hours before the attack, women and children were sent away to safety. To mask the disappearance of the women from the dawn service in the church, 34 men from Barrio Lawaan cross-dressed as women worshippers.[18] These "women", carrying small coffins, were challenged by Sergeant Scharer of the sentry post about the town plaza near the church. Opening one of the coffins with his bayonet, he saw the body of a dead child who, he was told, was a victim of a cholera epidemic. Abashed, he let the women pass on. Unbeknownst to the sentries, the other coffins hid the bolos and other weapons of the attackers.[2]

The issue of children's bodies merits further attention since there is much conflict between accounts by members of Company C. That day, the 27th, was the 52nd anniversary of the founding of the parish, an occasion on which an image of a recumbent Christ known as a Santo Entierro would have been carried around the parish. In modern times these Santo Entierros are enclosed in a glass case but at the time were commonly enclosed in a wooden box.[20]

Attack on American soldiers
The US 9th Infantry Regiment in the Philippines, 1899

Between 6:20 and 6:45 in the morning of September 28, 1901, the villagers made their move. Abanador, who had been supervising the prisoners' communal labor in the town plaza, grabbed the rifle of Private Adolph Gamlin, one of the American sentries, and stunned him with a blow to the head. This served as the signal for the rest of the communal laborers in the plaza to rush the other sentries and soldiers of Company C, who were mostly having breakfast in the mess area. Abanador then gave a shout, signaling the other Philippine men to the attack and fired Gamlin's rifle at the mess tent, hitting one of the soldiers. The pealing of the church bells and the sounds from conch shells being blown followed seconds later. Some of the Company C troopers were attacked and hacked to death before they could grab their rifles; the few who survived the initial onslaught fought almost bare-handed, using kitchen utensils, steak knives, and chairs. One private used a baseball bat to fend off the attackers before being overwhelmed.[21][22]

The men detained in the Sibley tents broke out and made their way to the municipal hall. Simultaneously, the attackers hidden in the church broke into the parish house and killed the three American officers there.[23] An unarmed Company C soldier was ignored, as was Captain Connell's Philippine houseboy. The attackers initially occupied the parish house and the municipal hall; however, the attack at the mess tents and the barracks failed, with Pvt. Gamlin, recovering consciousness and managing to secure another rifle, caused considerable casualties among the Philippine forces. With the initial surprise wearing off and the attack degrading, Abanador called for the attackers to break off and retreat. The surviving Company C soldiers, led by Sergeant Frank Betron, escaped by sea to Basey and Tanauan, Leyte.[22] The townspeople buried their dead and abandoned the town.

Of the 74 men in Company C, 36 were killed in action, including all its commissioned officers: Captain Thomas W. Connell, First Lieutenant Edward A. Bumpus and Major Richard S. Griswold.[3] Twenty-two were wounded in action and four were missing in action. Eight died later of wounds received in combat; only four escaped unscathed.[24] The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition and suffered 28 dead and 22 wounded.

Retaliation
Main article: March across Samar
Further information: Jacob H. Smith § Samar campaign
General Jacob H. Smith's infamous order "Kill Everyone Over Ten" was the caption in the New York Journal cartoon on May 5, 1902. The Old Glory draped an American shield on which a vulture replaced the bald eagle. The caption at the bottom proclaimed, "Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years Before We Took the Philippines"

Captain Edwin Victor Bookmiller, the commander in Basey, sailed immediately with Company G, 9th Infantry Regiment for Balangiga aboard a commandeered coastal steamer, the SS Pittsburgh.[25] Finding the town abandoned, they buried the American dead and set fire to the town.[2]

Coming at a time when it was believed Filipino resistance to American rule had collapsed, the Balangiga attack had a powerful impact on Americans living in Manila. Men started to wear sidearms openly and Helen Herron Taft, wife of the American Governor-General of the Philippines William Howard Taft, was so distraught she required evacuation to Hong Kong.[26]

The Balangiga incident provoked shock in the US public, too, with newspapers equating the massacre to George Armstrong Custer's last stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. Major General Adna R. Chaffee, military governor of the Philippines, received orders from US President Theodore Roosevelt to pacify Samar. To this end, Chaffee appointed Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith to Samar to accomplish the task.

General Smith instructed Major Littleton Waller, commanding officer of a battalion of 315 US Marines assigned to bolster his forces in Samar, regarding the conduct of pacification:

I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn; the more you kill and burn, the better it will please me... The interior of Samar must be made a howling wilderness...[27][28]

— Gen. Jacob H. Smith

As a consequence of this order, Smith became known as "Howling Wilderness Smith"; he was also dubbed "Hell Roaring Jake" Smith, "The Monster", and "Howling Jake" by the press as a result.[29] He further ordered Waller to kill all persons who were capable of bearing arms and in actual hostilities against the United States forces. When queried by Waller regarding the age limit of these persons, Smith replied that the limit was ten years of age.[30]

Food and trade to Samar were cut off, intended to starve the revolutionaries into submission. Smith's strategy on Samar involved widespread destruction to force the inhabitants to stop supporting the guerrillas and turn to the Americans from fear and starvation. He used his troops in sweeps of the interior in search for guerrilla bands and in attempts to capture Philippine General Vicente Lukbán, but he did nothing to prevent contact between the guerrillas and the townspeople. American columns marched across the island, destroying homes and shooting people and draft animals. Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an eleven-day period his men burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 carabaos and killed 39 people.[25]

The Judge Advocate General of the Army observed that only the good sense and restraint of the majority of Smith's subordinates prevented a complete reign of terror in Samar. The abuses outraged anti-Imperialist groups in the United States when these became known in March 1902.

The exact number of Filipinos killed by US troops will never be known. A population shortfall of about 15,000 is apparent between the Spanish census of 1887 and the American census of 1903 but how much of the shortfall is due to a disease epidemic and known natural disasters and how many due to combat is difficult to determine. Population growth in 19th century Samar was amplified by an influx of workers for the booming hemp industry, an influx which certainly ceased during the Samar campaign.[31]

Exhaustive research in the 1990s made by British writer Bob Couttie as part of a ten-year study of the Balangiga massacre tentatively put the figure at about 2,500; David Fritz used population ageing techniques and suggested a figure of a little more than 2,000 losses in males of combat age but nothing to support widespread killing of women and children [32] Some American and Filipino historians believe it to be around 50,000.[33][22] The rate of Samar's population growth slowed as refugees fled from Samar to Leyte,[34] yet still the population of Samar increased by 21,456 during the war.

American military historians' opinions on the Samar campaign are echoed in the February 2011 edition of the US Army's official historical magazine, Army History Bulletin: "...the indiscriminate violence and punishment that U.S. Army and Marine forces under Brig. Gen. Jacob Smith are alleged to have unleashed on Samar have long stained the memory of the United States’ pacification of the Philippine Islands".[35]

Commanding officers' courts-martial
American soldiers in Calbayog, Samar pose with a church bell taken from Balangiga as war trophy.

Events in Samar resulted in prompt investigations. On April 15, 1902 the Secretary of War Elihu Root sent orders to relieve officers of duty and to court-martial General Smith. "The President (Theodore Roosevelt) desires to know and in the most circumstantial manner all facts, nothing being concealed, and no man being for any reason favored or shielded. For the very reason that the President intends to back up the Army in the heartiest fashion in every lawful and legitimate method of doing its work, he also intends to see that the most rigorous care is exercised to detect and prevent any cruelty or brutality, and that men who are guilty thereof are punished".[36]

Jacob H. Smith and Littleton Waller faced courts martial as a result of their heavy-handed treatment of Filipinos; Waller specifically for the execution of twelve Filipino bearers and guides. Waller was found not guilty, a finding that senior military officials did not accept. Smith was found guilty, admonished and forced to retire.[27]

A third officer, Captain Edwin Glenn, was court-martialled for torturing Filipinos and was found guilty.[37]

Factual disputes

Several factual inaccuracies in early published accounts have surfaced over the years as historians continue to re-investigate the Balangiga incident. These include:[2]

  • Schott and Rey Imperial assert that Company C of the 9th US Infantry was sent to Balangiga in response to a request by its then-Mayor Pedro Abayan. This is based solely on a claim by George Meyer, a Company C survivor, in support of efforts to secure the Medal of Honor. Author Bob Couttie asserts that the American unit was sent there to close Balangiga's port.[15]
  • James Taylor's account inspired another author, William T. Sexton, to write that the American soldiers were "butchered like hogs" in Soldiers in the Sun.[39] However, Eugenio Daza wrote, "The Filipino believes that the profanation of the dead necessarily brings bad luck and misfortune ... there was no time to lose for such acts [after the Balangiga attack]."[3]
  • Battle of Balangiga monument
  • Battle of Balangiga memorial marker
  • Statue of Valeriano Abanador, Balangiga police chief during the Battle of Balangiga
  • Historical marker at the foot of Abanador statue

See also

Notes
  1. Two participants in the attack named the following persons as the chief organizers of the military operation:
    • Pedro Abayan, Mayor of Balangiga
    • Adronico Balais, Vice Mayor
    • Valeriano Abanador, Chief of Police
    • Mariano Valdenor, Assistant Chief of Police
    • Captain Eugenio Daza, Area Commander of General Vicente Lukban's forces for Southeastern Samar
    • Pedro Duran, a Sergeant under Diaz
    • Juan Salazar
    • Evangelista Gabornes, Councilor
    • Paulo Gavan Gacho
    Other sources showed that, while General Lukban viewed Daza as the overall commander, Daza acknowledged Abanador's operational command of the attack.[1]
  2. There are no reliable documentary records regarding the number of Filipino casualties.
  3. Gen. Jacob H. Smith, who ordered the killing of every male over ten years old during the retaliatory campaign, was subject to court-martial for "conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline". Reprimanded but not formally punished, Smith was forced into retirement from the service because of his conduct.[5]

References
  1. Borrinaga, Rolando O. (2003). The Balangiga Conflict Revisited. New Day Publishers. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-971-10-1090-4.
  2. Bautista, Veltisezar. "The Balangiga, Samar, Massacre". Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  3. Borrinaga, Rolando. "100 Years of Balangiga Literature: A Review". Archived from the original on 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  4. "The Balangiga Massacre". opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu.
  5. "Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902: A Working Bibliography". Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  6. "The Balangiga Incident: A Rare Filipino Victory During the Philippine-American War". ABS-CBN News. December 12, 2018.
  7. Tucker, Spencer (2020). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 345. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1. On September 28, 1901
  8. Anderson, B. (2011). Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination. New York: Verso Books.
  9. Brooke, James (1997-12-01). "U.S.-Philippines History Entwined in War Booty". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
  10. Snodgrass, Tom. "Counterinsurgency and the US Military". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  11. Galang, Reynaldo. "The Burning of Samar". Archived from the original on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  12. Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, p. 228, ISBN 971-8711-06-6, "In their desperation, the American soldiers turned arsonists burning whole towns in order to force guerrillas to the open. One such infamous case occurred in the town of Balangiga, Samar, in 1901-1902."
  13. Karim, Wazir Jahan (2019). Global Nexus, The: Political Economies, Connectivity, And The Social Sciences. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 978-981-323-245-7.
  14. Bruno, Thomas A (Feb 2011). "The Violent End of Insurgency on Samar 1901–1902" (PDF). Army Center of Military History. p. 34. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  15. "A Philippine Newslink Interview with Bob Couttie, Author of:Hang the Dogs, The True and Tragic History of the Balangiga Massacre". Philippine Newslink. 2004-12-15. p. 1. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  16. "A Philippine Newslink Interview with Bob Couttie, Author of: Hang the Dogs, The True and Tragic History of the Balangiga Massacre". Philippine Newslink. 2004-12-15. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  17. As quoted in Jones, Gregg (2013). Honor in the Dust: Theodore Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the Rise and Fall of America's Imperial Dream. New American Library. pp. 230, 407. ISBN 978-0-451-23918-1. (citing Taylor, John Rodgers Meigs (1971). The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States: A Compilation of Documents with Notes and Introduction. Eugenio Lopez Foundation.)
  18. Borrinaga, Rolando. "The Balangiga Conflict:Its Causes, Impact and Meaning". Archived from the original on 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  19. Labro, Vicente. "106 years of fervor, and still burning". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
  20. Couttie, Bob (2004) [2004], Hang The Dogs: The True Tragic History Of The Balangiga Massacre (1st ed.), Quezon City: New Day Publishing, p. 146, ISBN 971-10-1124-7
  21. "Jungle Patrol 2: Remember Balangiga". Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
  22. Dumindin, Arnaldo. "Philippine-American War, 1899–1902". Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  23. John Foreman (F.R.G.S.) (1906). The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular Government. C. Scribner's sons. p. 526.
  24. The Official report War Department 1901 reports casualties as 3 officers and 33 NCOs and enlisted ranks dead; 3 died of wounds; 7 members of Company C 9th Infantry and 1 Hospital Corps Private missing [the report acknowledges several bodies were cremated when the barracks were burned]; 21 wounded; 16 present not wounded. See Annual Reports of the War Department, Volume 9 p.629 Report of Captain Bookmiller, 9th Infantry
  25. Nebrida, Victor. "The Balangiga Massacre: Getting Even". Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
  26. Taft, Helen Herron, Recollections of Full Years, Butterick Publishing, New York (1914), p. 225
  27. "President Retires Gen. Jacob H. Smith" (PDF). The New York Times. 1902-07-17. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  28. Melshen, Paul. "Littleton Waller Tazewell Waller". Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  29. Karnow, Stanley. "Two Nations". Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  30. Bautista, Veltisezar. "The Balangiga, Samar, Massacre". Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  31. Bob, Couttie. "Searching For Death In Samar". Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  32. Fritz, David L, Before "The Howling Wilderness": The Military Career of Jacob Heard Smith, Military Affairs, November–December (1979), p. 186
  33. Young, Kenneth Ray, "Guerrilla Warfare Revisited", Leyte Samar Studies, XI:1 (1977), pp. 21–31
  34. US Senate Committee Hearings "Affairs in the Philippine Islands" February 3, 1902, Vol. 3, p. 2341
  35. Hendricks, Charles, Editor's Journal, Army History Bulletin, PB 20-11-2 (No. 79), p. 2
  36. "Affairs in the Philippine Islands", Vol. II, p. 1549
  37. Lariosa, Joseph (2001). "As nation marks 103rd anniversary of infamous Balangiga Massacre Book reveals wrong Balangiga Massacre death toll". The Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2005-05-03. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  38. Borrinaga, Rolando O. "100 Years of Balangiga Literature: A Review". Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  39. Sexton, William Thaddeus (2015). Soldiers in the Sun. Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-1-296-58088-9.[38]

Further
  • Schott, Joseph L. (1965). The Ordeal of Samar. Bobbs-Merrill. ASIN B0006BLRF0.
  • Taylor, James O. (1931). The Massacre of Balangiga: Being an Authentic Account By Several of the Few Survivors. Joplin, MO: McCarn Printing Co. OCLC 1838646., OCLC 680173529 (e-book)
  • US Senate Committee Hearings on "Affairs in the Philippine Islands", February 2, 1902 to October 13, 1903, three volumes.

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