Barrière d'Enfer

Gate of Hell
	Barrière d'Enfer
	The two buildings that comprise the Barrière d'Enfer
	Location in Paris
Coordinates	48°50′02″N 2°19′56″E
Location	Paris, France
Designer	Claude Nicolas Ledoux
Type	Toll Gate
Completion date	1787

The Barrière d'Enfer (English: Gate of Hell) is a pair of tollhouses that once served as a gate through the Wall of the Farmers-General (Mur des Fermiers généraux) at the current location of the Place Denfert-Rochereau.

Origin of name

The name "Barrière d'Enfer" comes from the street "Rue d'Enfer" (now called "Rue Denfert-Rochereau) which leads there after crossing the Rue de Faubourg-Saint Jacques. Some historians think the street was named because it was "a place of debauchery and robbery", while others believe that the name comes from a corruption of the Latin via inferior (in contrast with Rue Saint-Jacques, which was known as the via superior).[1] According to Michel Roblin, the name may be derived from the nickname en fer ("of iron") given to a door on the Wall of Philip II Augustus.[2][3]

History

The two neo-classical pavilions that make up the Barrière were built in 1787 by the architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux, both of which exist still. The buildings are decorated by friezes depicting dancers sculpted by Jean Guillaume Moitte.[4] The tollhouses was designed for collecting the octroi, or taxes on goods entering the city.

The main streets originating from the Barrière d'Enfer were the Boulevard d'Enfer (now a part of the Boulevard Raspail), the Rue d'Enfer, and the Boulevard Saint-Jacques.

The third act of the opera La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini portrays Mimi leaving the city via the Barrière d'Enfer to visit a tavern.

The Barrière is also mentioned in Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables:

"How did those children come there? Perhaps they had escaped from some guardhouse which stood ajar; perhaps in the vicinity, at the barrière d'Enfer, or on the esplanade de l'Observatoire, or in the neighboring carrefour, dominated by the pediment on which could be read: invenerunt parvulum pannis involutum ["they discovered the infant wrapped in swaddling clothes"], there was some mountebank's booth from which they had fled […]."

One of the buildings that defines the Barrière d'Enfer.

Description

The Barrière consists of two identical buildings on either side of the Avenue du Colonel-Henri-Rol-Tanguy, which is itself located along the axis of the Avenue Denfert-Rochereau and Avenue du Général-Leclerc.

The entrance to the catacombs at the eastern pavilion.

No. 3 (the eastern building) is the building of the Inspector General of Quarries. The entrance to the Catacombs of Paris is located next to building No. 1.
No. 4 (the western building) houses of the Highway Service. Beneath the building starting in August 1944 were the headquarters of Colonel Henri Rol-Tanguy, from which he gave orders pertaining to the French Resistance and the Liberation of Paris.

In commemoration of this, a portion of the Place Denfert-Rochereau between the two buildings was renamed avenue du Colonel-Henri-Rol-Tanguy on the 15th of March 2004,[5] on the sixtieth anniversary of the Liberation of Paris.

References

Lazare, Félix; Lazare, Louis (1884). Dictionnaire administratif et historique des rues de Paris et ses monuments [The Administrative Dictionary of the Streets of Paris and their Monuments] (in French). Paris: Éditions Maisonneuve & Larose. pp. 201. ISBN 2-7068-1098-X.
Faure, Alain (2000). Paris au diable Vauvert, ou la Fosse aux lions (in French). France: Société française d'histoire urbaine. pp. 149–169.
Roblin, Michel (1985). Quand Paris était à la campagne. Origines rurales et urbaines des 20 arrondissements. Paris: Picard. pp. 88–89. ISBN 9782708401341.
Gramaccini, Gisela (1993). Jean-Guillaume Moitte (1746-1810): Leben und Werk [Jean-Guillaume Moitte (1746-1810): Life and Work] (in German). Berlin: Akademie Verlag. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-3050023731.
"Avenue du Colonel-Henri-Rol-Tanguy". paris.fr. Nomenclature officielle des rues de Paris (in French). The city of Paris. 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2010-09-17.

Notes

This article was translated largely from corresponding material on fr:Barrière d’Enfer.

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[1] Lazare, Félix; Lazare, Louis (1884). Dictionnaire administratif et historique des rues de Paris et ses monuments [The Administrative Dictionary of the Streets of Paris and their Monuments] (in French). Paris: Éditions Maisonneuve & Larose. pp. 201. ISBN 2-7068-1098-X.

[2] Faure, Alain (2000). Paris au diable Vauvert, ou la Fosse aux lions (in French). France: Société française d'histoire urbaine. pp. 149–169.

[3] Roblin, Michel (1985). Quand Paris était à la campagne. Origines rurales et urbaines des 20 arrondissements. Paris: Picard. pp. 88–89. ISBN 9782708401341.

[4] Gramaccini, Gisela (1993). Jean-Guillaume Moitte (1746-1810): Leben und Werk [Jean-Guillaume Moitte (1746-1810): Life and Work] (in German). Berlin: Akademie Verlag. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-3050023731.

[5] "Avenue du Colonel-Henri-Rol-Tanguy". paris.fr. Nomenclature officielle des rues de Paris (in French). The city of Paris. 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2010-09-17.