Barony of Stobo

Stobo is a title in the Baronage of Scotland which takes its name from Stobo in the Scottish Borders.

Stobo Castle, seat of the barony

The barony has played an important role in Scottish history for almost five centuries. It was closely associated with the rise and fall of Stuart power in Scotland, its granting or forfeiture being used by turns to reward or punish those loyal to the House of Stuart.[1]

Origins

Claims have been made for the existence of the barony as early as the twelfth century. It is probable an Anglo-Norman lordship emerged during the turbulent period preceding the formation of the Scottish Marches, with its holder exercising customary powers of "pit and gallows, sake and soke, toll, team and infangthief".[2]

The Scoto-Norman Sir John Ker(r), the so called "Hunter of Swynhope", has been tentatively identified as a likely early Lord of Stobo (circa 1140).[3] The de Ker family appears to have had its origins in Criel (now Criel-sur-Mer) in Normandy and was closely affiliated with Hugh de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale and Cunningham. The Kerrs later became a leading reiver clan (from which the Marquesses of Lothian descend). There is no evidence to support the existence of a pre-Norman thanage.

History

At some point in the C12th, the barony came under the patronage of the Bishops of Glasgow as part of the Scottish Middle March.[4][5] The barony may have been acquired by the Church or gifted to the bishopric either by the Kerr family or the Crown as part of the so called "Davidian Revolution" where King David I was instrumental in the foundation of burghs and regional markets, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of government, and the introduction of feudalism throughout Scotland.

According to The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland: "Mentioned in the Glasgow Inquisition of c. 1120, St Mungo’s church at Stobo was the most important church in the upper Tweed Valley during the early medieval period. Pope Alexander III confirmed the church to the bishop of Glasgow, Engelram, in 1170. This was confirmed several times throughout the rest of the 12th and early 13th centuries. Sometime before 1266, and most likely in the early 12th century, Stobo became a prebend of Glasgow Cathedral, which continued as such until the Reformation. The advowson of ‘Stobou’ was confirmed by the pope in 1216, and in 1319 Edward II of England, as Overlord of Scotland, claimed to exercise the right of patronage. ‘Peter, the dean of Stobhou’ witnessed charters of the bishops of Glasgow between 1175 and 1199. In 1369, 1482 and 1486, Stobo appears as one of the baronies of the bishopric of Glasgow, and in 1489-90 it was erected by King James IV of Scotland into a free regality of Robert, bishop of Glasgow, and his successors. Stobo had 5 chaplaincies: Lyne, Broughton, Kingledoors, Dawic and Drummelzier".[6][7] According to Mackenzie, "a Lord of Regality is a Regulus, a little King" and thus the actions of James IV placed the Bishops of Glasgow in a powerful position, in effect placing them beyond the reach of Crown officers (although not of the Crown itself).[8]

The Reformation radically changed this position, with the Crown seizing and then re-granting the barony to James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton.[9] Morton was one of the four Regents of Scotland during the minority of King James VI, later James I of England .[10] The Crown Charter of 1577 survives but Morton's possession of the barony itself was short-lived. He was executed in 1581 for his part in the murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, King Consort to Mary, Queen of Scots.[11]

The barony was re-granted in 1587 to Sir John Maitland, Lord Chancellor of Scotland, who in 1590 became 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane,[12] in recognition of his role in arranging the marriage of James VI to Anne of Denmark.[13] Maitland is generally considered the principal architect of Stuart rule during this period.[14]

Over the following century, ownership of the barony alternated between two competing sets of Stuart supporters: Maitland's descendants, the powerful Earls of Lauderdale,[15] chiefs of Clan Maitland and hereditary bearers of the National Flag of Scotland[16] and the Dukes of Lennox and Richmond,[17] chiefs of the Clan Stewart of Darnley and favoured kinsmen of James I, Charles I and Charles II.[18][19]

In the wake of the Glorious Revolution, the barony passed to another family of staunch Stuart supporters, the Murrays of Stanhope; at which point in 1697 it was erected into a free barony by Crown Charter.[20]

The Murrays, wealthy baronets, were ruined by their support for the Jacobite cause, with Sir David Murray, 4th baronet, forfeiting both land and title for his role in the 1745 Rebellion, alongside many other prominent lowland Scots families.[21] Murray died in exile in 1770.[22][23]

Forfeiture

In 1767, Stobo was purchased out of forfeiture for £40,000, along with the baronetcy of Stanhope, by James Montgomery, Lord Advocate of Scotland, later Sir James Montgomery, 1st baronet.

In 1767, Montgomery also acquired a substantial and highly lucrative interest in the colonisation of Canada's Prince Edward Island;[24] an investment which funded his son, the 2nd baronet to build Stobo Castle between 1805-11 in place of an earlier fortified tower house.

The barony of Stobo remained in the possession of the Graham-Montgomery family until 1905[25] and then, in the possession of the Earls of Dysart until 1972.[26][27]

The seat of barony and its extent

The seat (“caput”) of the barony is Stobo Castle. The listed castle and its grounds have operated as a luxury spa hotel since the mid-1970s.[28]

The barony is situated in historic Peeblesshire, north of the River Tweed, and according to Bearhop's map of 1740, encompasses the lands of Stobo, West Dawyck, Easttoun and Westtoun, Dreva, and Muirburn.[29]

Present holder
Arms of the Barons of Stobo

The Scottish Barony Register records the present Baron of Stobo as The Much Hon. William Jolly.[30] The thirtieth Baron since 1577, Jolly is a member of the Convention of the Baronage of Scotland.

By law, the Baron's arms - Sable, an escutcheon Argent within an orle of eight mullets Or on the escutcheon a rose Gules barbed and seeded Vert, with Crest issuing from a crenellated coronet of five towers Or, a banner saltire Argent and Sable in pale two roses Gules and in fess two mullets Or - are recorded in the Court of the Lord Lyon's Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland.[31]

Despite ancient links to Clan Kerr, there is no clan associated with Stobo at the present time. However, a tartan design by Fiona Whitson was recorded in the Scottish Register of Tartans in 2017.[32]

References
  1. Oliver Thomson, The Rises and Falls of the Royal Stewarts (History Press: Stroud, 2009)
  2. Alexander Grant, "Franchises North of the Border: Baronies and Regalities in Medieval Scotland", Chapter 9, Michael Prestwich. ed., Liberties and Identities in Medieval Britain and Ireland (Boydell Press: Woodbridge, 2008)
  3. Sir John Ker, Lord of Stobo, The Kerrs of Ferniehirst: https://clankerr.co.uk/the%20fortress%20in%20the%20forest-2/the%20kerrs%20of%20ferniehirst-2.html
  4. Glasg. Reg., no. 104
  5. Ian Cowan, The Parishes of Medieval Scotland, (Edinburgh 1967), 188
  6. The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland, 2021
  7. Peter de Stobhou, 1174-1206: https://www.poms.ac.uk/record/factoid/25518/
  8. Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, Observations on the Acts of Parliament ... (Edinburgh, 1686)
  9. NAS.GD150.13789; GD40.1.739; RMS.IV.2727
  10. Amy Blakeway, Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (Boydell Press: Woodbridge, 2015).
  11. Alison Weir, Mary Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley (Vintage: London, 2008).
  12. Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, vol. 5, nos. 1346, 1549.
  13. David Stevenson, Scotland's Last Royal Wedding: The Marriage of James VI and Anne of Denmark (John Donald: Edinburgh, 1997).
  14. Maurice Lee junior, John Maitland of Thirlestane and the Foundation of Stewart Despotism in Scotland, (Princeton University Press, 1959).
  15. RMS.XI.50
  16. Raymond Campbell Paterson, King Lauderdale: The Life of John Maitland, Second Earl and Only Duke of Lauderdale (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2003).
  17. RMS.VI.1457; RMS.IX.1990
  18. A. Steuart, 'Stewart, Duke of Lennox' in Sir James Balfour Paul, ed., The Scots Peerage, Vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1909), pp. 344-362.
  19. Francis Grant, "Lennox, Duke of Lennox" in Sir James Paul, ed., The Scots Peerage, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1909), pp. 363-371.
  20. National Records of Scotland, C2/74 161f-162f
  21. Murray Pittock, The Myth of the Jacobite Clans: The Jacobite Army in 1745 (Edinburgh University Press, 2009).
  22. James Walter Buchan, A History of Peeblesshire, vol. 3 (James, Wylie & Co.: Glasgow, 1925-7), p. 450.
  23. AH Millar, ed., A Selection of Scottish Forfeited Estates Papers (Scottish History Society, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 1909).
  24. J M Bumstead, 'Sir James Montgomery and Prince Edward Island, 1767-1803', Acadiensis, 7: 76-102, 1978
  25. NRS SIG1/123/9; CS218/48
  26. NAS.RS112.80.78
  27. Ann Matheson, Old Broughton, Drumelzier, Manor, Stobo and Tweedsmuir (Stenlake Publishing: Mauchline, 2014)
  28. Stobo Castle https://www.stobocastle.co.uk
  29. "A Map of the Barony of Stobbo in the Sherreffdom of Peebles now Belonging to Charles Murray Esqr., with the Parks and Improvements made upon it by Sir Alexander Murray at Stanhope / the whole Accurately Survey'd by And. Bearhop. [1 of 1] - Charting the Nation".
  30. Scottish Barony Register SBR/3/104-107, 4 October 2016
  31. Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland, Court of the Lord Lyon, Edinburgh, 25th Page of 94th Volume, 29 October 2018
  32. Stobo Tartan https://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails?ref=11842
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