Bangka Island massacre

The Bangka Island massacre (also spelled Banka Island massacre) was committed during World War II in the Pacific, on Bangka Island, east of Sumatra in the Indonesian archipelago. On 16 February 1942, Imperial Japanese soldiers machine-gunned 22 Australian Army nurses and 60 Australian and British soldiers and crew members who had survived the sinking of Vyner Brooke by Japanese bombers. South Australian nurse Sister Lt Vivian Bullwinkel, an American Eric Germann and Stoker Ernest Lloyd RN were the only survivors.

Group portrait of the nursing staff of 2/13th Australian General Hospital in Singapore, September 1941. Six of these nurses, including Vivian Bullwinkel, were in the group which was massacred. Bullwinkel is standing sixth from the left.

Not reported to the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal in 1947 nor included in subsequent re-tellings was the rape of the nurses before they were killed in the massacre. This was uncovered by research in 2019.

Massacre

On 12 February 1942 the royal yacht of Sarawak Vyner Brooke left Singapore just before the city fell to the Imperial Japanese Army. The ship carried many injured service personnel and 65 nurses of the Australian Army Nursing Service from the 2/13th Australian General Hospital, as well as civilian men, women and children.[1] The ship was bombed by Japanese aircraft and sank.[1] Two nurses were killed in the bombing; the rest were scattered among the rescue boats to wash up on different parts of Bangka Island. About 100 survivors reunited near Radji Beach at Bangka Island in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), including 22 of the original 65 nurses. Once it was discovered the Japanese held the island, an officer of the Vyner Brooke went to surrender the group to the authorities in Muntok.[1] While he was away army matron Irene Melville Drummond, the most senior of the nurses, suggested the civilian women and children should leave for Muntok, which they did.[2] The nurses stayed to care for the wounded. They set up a shelter with a large Red Cross sign on it.

At mid-morning the ship's officer returned with about 20 Japanese soldiers. They ordered all the wounded men capable of walking to travel around a headland.

The men were lined up and the Japanese set up machine guns. Stoker Lloyd realising what was going to happen ran into the sea as did a few others. The Japanese then began shooting at the escaping men. They were all killed apart from Lloyd who despite being shot managed to get away. He lost consciousness and later was washed up on the other side of the beach.

The nurses heard a quick succession of shots before the Japanese soldiers came back, sat down in front of the women and cleaned their bayonets and rifles.[1] A Japanese officer ordered the remaining 22 nurses and one civilian woman to walk into the surf.[1] A machine gun was set up on the beach and when the women were waist deep, they were machine-gunned. All but Bullwinkel were killed.[1] Wounded soldiers left on stretchers were then bayoneted and killed.[1]

When Lloyd regained consciousness he made his way back to the scene of the massacre and discovered the bodies of those who had been shot.

Shot in the diaphragm, Bullwinkel lay motionless in the water until the sound of troops had disappeared. She crawled into the bush and lay unconscious for several days. When she awoke, she encountered Private Patrick Kingsley, a wounded British soldier from the ship who had survived being bayoneted by the Japanese soldiers. She dressed his wounds and her own and met Stoker Lloyd. They both agreed it would be better to surrender as they couldn't survive much longer in such harsh condition. 12 days later Bullwinkel and Kingsley surrendered to the Japanese. Kingsley died before reaching a POW camp, but Bullwinkel spent three years in one.[3]Lloyd surrendered after them and spent the rest of the war as a POW. When his camp was liberated he ensured that the authorities knew of the surviving nurses and kept looking for them. This was instrumental in them being found as the Japanese denied any knowledge of the and their camp was deep in the jungle.

Bullwinkel survived the war and gave evidence of the massacre at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal) in 1947.[3]

Evidence of sexual assault

Recent evidence collected by historian Lynette Silver, broadcaster Tess Lawrence and biographer Barbara Angell, indicates that most of the nurses were raped before they were murdered. However, Bullwinkel was not permitted to speak about the rapes after the war, saying that she had been "gagged" by the Australian government. According to the Australian government, the perpetrators of the massacre remain unknown and "escaped any punishment for their crime".[4]

Commemoration

In South Australia an annual commemoration known as the Bangka Day Memorial Service has been held at the Women's Memorial Playing Fields, St Mary's on the Sunday closest to 16 February[5] since 1955. A plaque commemorating the South Australian Army Nursing Sisters who died, including Drummond and six others was erected at the site.[6]

See also

References
  1. Klemen, L (1999–2000). "The Bangka Island Massacre, February 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
  2. "Biography – Irene Melville Drummond – Australian Dictionary of Biography".
  3. "Sister Vivian Bullwinkel's Story". Banka Island Massacre (1942). Archived from the original on 25 March 2009.
  4. Gary Nunn (18 April 2019), Bangka Island: The WW2 massacre and a 'truth too awful to speak', BBC News
  5. McEwen, Anne (28 February 2012). "World War II speech". Senate Hansard. Canberra, A.C.T.: Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  6. Crouch, Brad (5 February 2020). "Lest we forget, a field of dreams for our girls". The Messenger. The Advertiser (Adelaide). pp. 14–15.

Further reading
  • Jeffrey, Betty (1954). White Coolies. Sydney, NSW: Eden Books. ISBN 0-207-16107-0.
  • Shaw, Ian W (2010). On Radji Beach. Sydney, NSW: Pan Macmillan Australia. ISBN 978-1-4050-4024-2. OCLC 610570783.
  • Vivian Bullwinkel, by Dorothy Angell
  • Wigmore, Lionel (1957). The Japanese Thrust - Australia in the War of 1939 – 1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
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