Aurintricarboxylic acid

Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) is a chemical compound that readily polymerizes in aqueous solution, forming a stable free radical that inhibits protein-nucleic acid interactions. It is a potent inhibitor of ribonuclease and topoisomerase II by preventing the binding of the nucleic acid to the enzyme. It stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation processes including the Jak2/STAT5 pathway in NB2 lymphoma cells, ErbB4 in neuroblastoma cells, and MAP kinases, Shc proteins, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and phospholipase Cγ in PC12 cells. It also inhibits apoptosis. It prevents down-regulation of Ca2+-impermeable GluR2 receptors and inhibits calpain, a Ca2+-activated protease that is activated during apoptosis.[1]

Aurintricarboxylic acid[1]
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3,3'-[(3-Carboxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methylene]bis(6-hydroxybenzoic acid)
Other names
5,5'-[(3-Carboxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methylene]bis(2-hydroxybenzoic acid)
Aluminon free acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
Abbreviations ATA
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.022.390
UNII
Properties
C22H14O9
Molar mass 422.345 g·mol−1
Appearance Dark red to brown powder
Melting point 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

It is used to inhibit protein biosynthesis in its initial stages. Nominally, it is used in biological experiments as a protein inhibitor, and as an ammonium salt (known as aluminon) it is used as a reagent to estimate the aluminium in water, biological tissue, and foods.[2]

It was found that ATA is a strong inhibitor of topoisomerases and other nucleases. It might be useful for increasing efficiency of RNA isolation.[3]

It has been discovered that using aurintricarboxylic acid against influenza-A post-infection has a strong protective effect by inhibiting the virus' ability to reproduce. In cultured canine kidney cells, it was found to reduce viral reproduction and infection when applied post-infection, but not when used as a 'vaccine'.[4] It has also been shown to block the binding of the HIV coat molecule gp120 to the CD4 co-receptor on T cells through which it invades.

Aurintricarboxylic acid and its ammonium salt shows antiviral activity in vitro against coronaviruses such as SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2, and while it is unlikely to have suitable properties to be developed as a medicine in its own right, it has proved useful in scientific research into novel antiviral drugs to combat these diseases.[5][6]

Preparation

Aurintricarboxylic acid can be prepared by the condensation of formaldehyde with salicylic acid in the presence of nitrite-containing sulfuric acid.[7]

References
  1. "Aurintricarboxylic acid". Sigma-Aldrich.
  2. "Aurintricarboxylic Acid". Reference.MD.
  3. Skidmore AF, Beebee TJ (October 1989). "Characterization and use of the potent ribonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid for the isolation of RNA from animal tissues". The Biochemical Journal. 263 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1042/bj2630073. PMC 1133392. PMID 2481441.
  4. Hashem AM, Flaman AS, Farnsworth A, Brown EG, Van Domselaar G, He R, Li X (December 2009). "Aurintricarboxylic acid is a potent inhibitor of influenza A and B virus neuraminidases". PLOS One. 4 (12): e8350. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.8350H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008350. PMC 2792043. PMID 20020057.
  5. Liu C, Zhou Q, Li Y, Garner LV, Watkins SP, Carter LJ, et al. (2020). "Research and Development on Therapeutic Agents and Vaccines for COVID-19 and Related Human Coronavirus Diseases". ACS Central Science. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272.
  6. Morse JS, Lalonde T, Xu S, Liu WR (March 2020). "Learning from the Past: Possible Urgent Prevention and Treatment Options for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections Caused by 2019-nCoV". ChemBioChem: A European Journal of Chemical Biology. 21 (5): 730–738. doi:10.1002/cbic.202000047. PMID 32022370.
  7. Vogel AI. Practical Organic Chemistry Including Qualitative Organic Analysis.
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