Atlacatl
Atlacatl (Nahuatl Ātlācatl: ātl "water", tlācatl "human being" – whose death is sometimes put at 1528) is reputed to have been the name of the last ruler of an indigenous state based around the city of Cuzcatlan, in the southwestern periphery of Mesoamerica (present-day El Salvador), at the time of the Spanish conquest. Atlacatl appears to have been a myth, however, as no contemporary chronicler mentions him. The only mentions of him are in the annals of the Cakchiquels where the Pipil coastal people were called Pan Atacat (water men); this might have been an elite personage or a title for a chief in Pipil culture. The myth is still believed locally. The name "Atlacatl" was adopted by one of El Salvador's elite army battalions (see Atlacatl Battalion), who were responsible for the 1981 El Mozote Massacre of Pipil Salvadoran non-combatants.
Cuzcatan was a powerful state that had incorporated several Nawat Pipil regions in the western and central territory of today's El Salvador. With a standing army and lucrative cacao and Indigo exports, this wealthy state had resisted several Mayan Calakmul ally invasions and was one of the strongest in the region. It was the only polity in the region to maintain a standing army.
The myth of Atlacatl appears to have originated in a historian's misreading of Spanish chronicles. It was later developed as a nation-building myth in modern Salvadoran nationalist discourse, symbolising Cuzcatan's courageous resistance against the invading Spanish forces. According to another account, when Pedro de Alvarado and his forces arrived at Atehuan (Ateos) he received a message sent to him by Atlacatl in which Atlacatl acquiesced to Alvarado's demand for Cuzcatan's surrender. Alvarado's own account records that when he entered the city of Cuzcatan he found it partly abandoned, the men all having fled to the mountainous region nearby. Alvarado sent a demand to them for their surrender, but instead received the answer: "If you want our arms you must come to get them from the mountains". In the myth, it was Atlacatl who sent this message.
Alvarado's forces launched a furious attack on their mountain positions in which many horses, Spaniards and their native auxiliaries were killed. Alvarado retreated from Cuzcatan on 4 July 1524.
Two years after this battle, Alvarado's kinsman Gonzalo de Alvarado had founded a Spanish base at San Salvador (August 1526), from where the Spanish forces continued to raze the surrounding districts and combat the remaining Pipil resistance. Finally, in 1528, Diego de Alvarado and his Indian auxiliaries set out on another attack on Cuzcatan, during the defense of which the Nawat Pipil forces were defeated. One embellishment of the Atlacatl myth is that he jumped into a volcano to remain an unconquered legend.
References
- Fowler William R., Jr. (Winter 1985). "Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America: A Critical Analysis". Ethnohistory. Columbus, OH: American Society for Ethnohistory. 32 (1): 37–62. doi:10.2307/482092. ISSN 0014-1801. JSTOR 482092. OCLC 42388116.
- Fowler William R., Jr. (1991). "The Formation of Complex Society Among the Nahua Groups of Southeastern Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Two Approaches". In William R. Fowler, Jr. (ed.). The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica. Revised papers from the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, November 1987, and additional material. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 193–214. ISBN 0-8493-8831-7. OCLC 23215549.