Assassination of Inejirō Asanuma

Assassination of Inejirō Asanuma
	Part of right-wing violence in Japan in the 1960s
	Yasushi Nagao's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of Yamaguchi attempting to stab Asanuma for a second time
Location	Hibiya Public Hall, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
Date	October 12, 1960 ; 3:05 p.m. (UTC+09:00)
Target	Inejirō Asanuma, Chairman of the Japan Socialist Party
Attack type	Assassination
Weapon	Wakizashi[1]
Deaths	1, Inejirō Asanuma
Assailant	Otoya Yamaguchi

On 12 October 1960, Inejirō Asanuma (浅沼稲次郎, Asanuma Inejirō), Chairman of the Japan Socialist Party, was assassinated at Hibiya Public Hall in Tokyo. During a televised debate, a 17-year-old right-wing ultranationalist named Otoya Yamaguchi charged onto the stage and fatally stabbed Asanuma with a wakizashi[1] (a type of traditional short sword).

The assassination weakened the Japan Socialist Party, inspired a series of copycat crimes, and made Yamaguchi an enduring hero to the right wing in Japan.

Background

Asanuma was a charismatic figure on the Japanese Left. In 1959, Asanuma had sparked outrage in Japan by visiting Communist China and declaring the United States "the shared enemy of China and Japan" during a speech in Beijing.

Upon returning to Japan, Asanuma became one of the key leaders and main public faces of the massive Anpo Protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, leading a number of mass marches on the Japanese National Diet. Right-wing groups and individuals, such as Bin Akao and his Greater Japan Patriotic Party (大日本愛国党, Dai Nippon Aikoku Tō), became convinced that the massive leftist protests were a sign that Japan was on the verge of a communist revolution and mobilized to prevent such an eventuality.[2]

Akao and Greater Japan Patriotic Party were part of a sizable segment of the Japanese Right that were extremely pro-United States and thus strongly in favor of the U.S.-Japan military alliance. Akao and others who shared his worldview were thus doubly upset with Asanuma for portraying the U.S. as Japan's main enemy on his trip to China and for so actively opposing the Security Treaty.

The Assassin

Otoya Yamaguchi, the son of a high-ranking officer in the Japan Self-Defense Forces, had joined Bin Akao's Greater Japan Patriotic Party in his mid teens after being radicalized by his older brother.[3] During the Anpo Protests, he had participated in a number of the group's right-wing counter-protests and had been arrested and released 10 times over the course of 1959 and 1960.[4]

According to his later testimony to police, Otoya claimed that over the course of the Anpo protests he became further radicalized and disillusioned with Akao's leadership, which he felt was not radical enough.[5] In May 1960, he resigned from Akao's group in order to be free to take more "decisive" action[5]

Assassination

On October 12, 1960, Asanuma was participating in a televised election debate at Hibiya Public Hall in central Tokyo, featuring the leaders of the three major political parties. Also scheduled to participate were Suehiro Nishio of the Democratic Socialist Party and current prime minister Hayato Ikeda of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party. The debate was sponsored by the Japanese Elections Commission, the Alliance for Clean Elections, and national broadcaster NHK, which was also televising the event. There was also an audience of 2,500 people in the hall.

Nishio spoke first; at 3:00 p.m., Asanuma advanced to the podium and began his speech. Immediately, right-wing groups in the audience began loudly heckling him, to the point where the television microphones and even reporters sitting in the front row could not make out what he was trying to say, forcing the NHK moderator to interrupt and call for calm. At 3:05 p.m., as the audience finally calmed down and Asanuma resumed speaking, Yamaguchi rushed onto the stage and made a deep thrust into Asanuma's left flank with a 33 centimetres (13 in) samurai short sword (wakizashi) he had stolen from his father.[note 1] Yamaguchi then tried to turn the sword on himself but was swarmed and detained by bystanders.

Asanuma was immediately rushed out of the hall and to a nearby hospital. Initially, everyone thought Asanuma was fine because Asanuma was an overweight man and layers of fat sealed the wound so no external bleeding was visible. However, Yamaguchi's 30-centimeter-deep stab had punctured his aorta. Asanuma died within minutes from massive internal bleeding and was already dead by the time he reached the hospital.

Aftermath

Ikeda's memorial speech

The Ikeda administration had been riding high going into the election debate. Ikeda's newly announced Income Doubling Plan had proven popular, and polls showed his party in a strong position heading toward the election. However, the night of Asanuma's assassination, approximately 20,000 protesters spontaneously flooded the streets of Tokyo calling for the entire Ikeda cabinet to resign in order to take responsibility for failing to ensure Asanuma's safety. Ikeda and his advisors worried that a new protest movement might arise that would be the second coming of the Anpo Protests that had toppled the cabinet of his immediate predecessor Kishi Nobusuke.

To respond to the crisis, Ikeda took the unusual step of personally giving a memorial speech for his erstwhile opponent Asanuma at a plenary session of the Diet on October 18. The Socialist Party Diet members vocally opposed the speech, and Ikeda had a reputation for being clumsy with his words and in any case was not expected to say more than some perfunctory words in a short boilerplate speech. However, Ikeda surprised everyone by giving a lengthy oration in which he offered an eloquent and generous assessment of Asanuma's love for his country and the Japanese people and his hard work ethic.[7] This speech would go on to become one of the most famous Diet speeches of the postwar period, and was reported to have moved many Diet members to tears.[8]

Ikeda's party went on to win the election, actually increasing the number of seats it held in the Diet, although Asanuma's Japan Socialist Party also did well.[9]

Yamaguchi's imprisonment and suicide

Following the assassination, Yamaguchi was arrested and imprisoned awaiting trial. Throughout his imprisonment, he remained calm and composed and freely gave extensive testimony to police. Yamaguchi consistently asserted that he had acted alone and without any direction from others. Finally, on November 2, he wrote on the wall of his cell using toothpaste, "Long live the Emperor" and “Would that I had seven lives to give for my country” (七生報国, shichisei hōkoku), the latter a reference to the famous last words of fourteenth-century samurai Kusunoki Masashige, and hanged himself with knotted bed sheets.[10]

Legacies

Decline of the Japan Socialist Party

The Japan Socialist Party had been an unhappy marriage between far left socialists, centrist socialists, and right socialists, who had been forced together in order to oppose the consolidation of conservative parties into the Liberal Democratic Party in 1955. Asanuma had been a charismatic figure who had been able to hold many of these mutually antagonistic factions together through the force of his personality.[11] Under Asanuma's leadership, the party had won an increasing amount of seats in the Diet in every election over the latter half of the 1950s and seemed to be gathering momentum. Asanuma's death deprived the party of his adroit leadership, and thrust Saburō Eda into the leadership role instead.[11] A centrist, Eda rapidly took the party in a more centrist direction, far faster than the left socialists were ready to accept.[11] This led to growing infighting within the party, and drastically damaged its ability to present a cohesive message to the public. Over the rest of the 1960s and going forward, the number of seats the Socialists held in the Diet continued to decline until the party's extinction in 1996.[12]

Television, Kenzaburō Ōe novelas, and copycat crimes

Because Asanuma's assassination took place in front of television cameras, it was repeatedly shown on television for weeks and was seen by almost everyone in Japan with access to a television. In addition, within a few weeks of the assassination, Nobel Prize-winning author Kenzaburō Ōe wrote two novellas, Seventeen and The Death of a Political Youth, that were obviously inspired by Yamaguchi's actions, although he was not mentioned by name.

Yamaguchi's actions and the massive publicity they received inspired a rash of copycat crimes, as a number of political figures became targets of assassination plots and attempts over the next few years.[10] In particular, an attempt to assassinate the publisher of magazine Chūō Kōron in February 1961 by right-wing youth Kazutaka Komori, who like Yamaguchi was also 17 years old, was said to have been directly inspired by Yamaguchi's actions.

Yasushi Nagao photograph

Yasushi Nagao with his Pulitzer Prize winning photo. (1961)

A famous photograph of the moment immediately after Yamaguchi stabbed Asanuma was taken by Mainichi Shinbun newspaper photographer Yasushi Nagao, who had been assigned to cover the debate. As Yamaguchi rushed Asanuma, Nagao instinctively adjusted the focal distance of his lens from 15 to 10 feet and captured an extremely clear image of the assassination. Nagao's photograph won the World Press Photo of the Year award for 1960, and won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize. Today it is still found in collections as one of the best photographs of the 20th century. The photograph made Nagao famous and allowed him to leave Japan and travel the world at a time when Japanese were generally not granted permission to travel overseas. He was able to quit his job at Mainichi in 1962 and parlay his fame into a career as a freelance photographer.

Yamaguchi becomes a martyr

Yamaguchi immediately became a hero and martyr to Japanese right-wing ultranationalists. On December 15, 1960, a large number of right-wing groups gathered in the very same Hibiya Public Hall where the assassination took place to hold a “National Memorial Service for Our Martyred Brother Yamaguchi Otoya.” Right-wing groups have continued to hold an annual memorial service for Yamaguchi every year on November 2, the anniversary of his suicide, with an especially large event being held on November 2, 2010, the 50th anniversary of his death.

Notes

The sword was a slightly undersized replica of a famous sword forged in the Kamakura Period by the swordsmith Rai Kunitoshi, and thus is better considered a wakizashi than a full-sized tachi or katana.[6]

References

沢木, 耕太郎 (1982). 『テロルの決算』文藝春秋. 文春文庫. pp. 10, 238. ISBN 978-4167209049.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 252–53.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 252.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 253.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 253–54.
沢木, 耕太郎 (1982). 『テロルの決算』文藝春秋. 文春文庫. pp. 10, 238. ISBN 978-4167209049.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 85–86.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 85.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 113.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 254.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 127.
Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 125–26.