Arthur Ingram

Sir Arthur Ingram (ca. 1565 – 1642) was an English investor, landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1610 and 1642.[1][2] The subject of an influential biography,[3] he has been celebrated for his "financial skill and ruthless self-interest",[4] and characterized as "a rapacious, plausible swindler who ruined many during a long and successful criminal career".[5] Probably of London birth but of Yorkshire background, he was a very extensive landowner in Yorkshire. He acquired and rebuilt the former Lennox residence at Temple Newsam near Leeds, which became the principal seat of his family, including the Lords Ingram, Viscount Irvine and their descendants, for over 300 years.[6]

Sir Arthur Ingram
Sir Arthur Ingram by George Geldorp
Born	ca. 1565 York
Died	1642 York
Spouse(s)	Susan Brown (died 1613) Alice Halliday (1613-1614) Mary Greville (1615-1642)
Children	6 sons, 1 daughter
Parents	Hugh Ingram (father) Anne Goldthorpe (mother)
Member of Parliament for York
In office 1624–1629

Origins and early life

The date of Sir Arthur Ingram's birth is not known. He was the second of three sons of Hugh Ingram (died 1614),[7] a prosperous merchant and citizen Tallow Chandler of London who originated from Thorpe-on-the-Hill in Yorkshire. The eldest son, Sir William Ingram (died 1623), was Doctor of Civil Law (of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the Inner Temple[8]), and became Secretary to the Council in the North. Their mother was Anne, daughter of Richard Goldthorpe,[9] haberdasher, Lord Mayor of York 1556-57 and M.P. for the City of York in 1559.

Little is known of Arthur Ingram's early years. A merchant in London, there are indications that he had been a factor in Italy, and was at some time in Turkey. In the early 1600s he developed an association with Lionel Cranfield. Having been a Waiter (customs officer) in the Port of London, in 1603 he was appointed Comptroller of Customs (held until 1613), a role in which he made himself useful to the Earl of Suffolk and Earl of Nottingham. In 1605 (until 1614) he took over the management of the wine licence patent for Lord Admiral Nottingham,[10] who remarked in 1610 that "the whole and many pains and scandals of the business did ever since the beginning thereof lie upon Mr. Arthur Ingram only, with an incessant trouble to him and his house."[11] The Howards became somewhat dependent upon his services and assistance, and he benefited from their patronage by advancement where opportunity arose.[12]

In 1607 (until 1615) Ingram became, with Sir Walter Cope (associate of the Earl of Salisbury), contractor for the sale of Crown lands, through which office he acquired several excellent estates.[13] The historian Thomas Birch (1705-1766) wrote that, in buying land, Ingram's practice "was to pay the one half down fairly and fully, but the second half by a Chancery bill, that is, he would find some flaw, some incumbrance or other, to baulk the second payment, and so call the seller into and hold him in the Chancery."[14] At one time he had no fewer than 21 lawsuits in progress.

These methods won him control of large purchases, but cost him friends. On the other hand, it has been argued that the King, knowing him to be a pragmatic man, and one discreet in speech and demeanour, advanced him at a time when many people were enriching themselves and had money to spend on great projects, and knew that he would be useful in finding ways to accumulate revenue for the crown: and that by doing so, he was disliked and described as a "mean fellow" by those whom he had successfully mulcted to the crown's advantage.[15]

The Alum Company

Serving as collector for dyewood and starch duties in 1607–08, Ingram investigated revenues from the English alum refinery (for use in cloth dyeing processes) then being established in Yorkshire. In 1607 Sir Thomas Chaloner,[16] Sir David Foulis, Sir John Bourchier and Lord Sheffield in partnership obtained a 31-year monopoly based upon the Chaloner estates at Guisborough and Redcar. The concession was leased to London merchants who made substantial losses, despite the use of expert workmen from Germany.[17] As their investments failed, on Ingram's advice the Lord Treasurer Salisbury bought out the patent in 1609, and upon Ingram's favourable report[18] a new lease was issued, the dues of which however soon became onerous to the farmers of the industry.[19]

In November 1609 Ingram entered parliament as representative for Stafford, presumably under Salisbury's patronage in connection with the Great Contract.[20] He served on several committees for bills touching his own knowledge and interest, and that of his patrons, who by their continuing support taught him the advantage of a parliamentary career.[21] As he became over-engaged in land transactions doubts over his liquidity emerged, but confidence in his credit-worthiness was restored by means of a declaration signed by the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Northampton and the Lord Chancellor. At this time he was operating from premises in Fenchurch Street.[22]

By 1612 the Alum Company was failing, and went into insolvency shortly before the death of Lord Treasurer Salisbury.[23] Following various proposals Ingram, with Walter Cope and Robert Johnson, persuaded the Lords Commissioners to grant them control as contractors under a new adjustment, and in 1613, as the works passed into the King's hands, they became managers for the Crown, and claimed to have invested large sums of their own money.[24] In March 1613 Ingram obtained by purchase the position of Secretary and Keeper of the Signet of the Council in the North, a position he held until 1633, his elder brother Dr William Ingram serving as his Deputy until his death in 1623.[25] This post was acquired for £5,200 from Sir Robert Carey, governor to Prince Charles.[26] For his residence he entirely remodelled two large houses including the ruined former Archbishop's palace in York between 1616 and 1623.[27] He received the honour of knighthood on 9 July 1613, and his brother in 1617.[28]

Three marriages

Ingram's first marriage was to Susan, daughter of Richard Brown of London. There were four sons including his heir, the younger Arthur Ingram (knighted 1621), and a daughter.[29]

Following the death of his wife Susan in July 1613, Ingram remarried soon afterwards to a London city widow, Alice Halliday. "She had withstoode an army of wooers, and I thincke is now lighted on the worst", wrote John Chamberlain.[30] Alice, daughter of the London citizen Mercer William Ferrars, was formerly married to John Halliday, son and heir of Sir Leonard Halliday (Lord Mayor of London 1605-06), and was worth £3000. On 9 March 1614 he took a seat in parliament for New Romney. There was one child of his second marriage, Thomas Ingram, who became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Alice died in October 1614 of a quinsy,[31] not long after his birth.[32]

In February 1614/5 Ingram purchased a place at court and entered office as Cofferer of the King's Household. This however was so strongly resisted by those over whom he thus gained authority that, despite having moved his furnishings and plate into his chambers, he was obliged to give it up soon afterwards.[33] In the same year he took to his third wife Mary Greville, daughter of Sir Edward Greville of Milcote, Warwickshire.[34] In addition to bringing Ingram a Warwickshire estate and the advantage of Mary's family connections, this proved a sincere and lasting union and there was one further child, Lionel Ingram.[35] Dame Mary lived until 1661. In the wake of his humiliation at court, Ingram (when not occupied with legal activities in London and the business of parliament) increasingly transferred his operations to Yorkshire. His mother Anne Ingram died in London in 1616 making charitable bequests and making her principal beneficiary and executors her daughter Anne and son-in-law James Trott.[36]

Alum

Temple Newsam House from Morris's Country Seats (1880)

In 1615 Ingram received the grant of Sheriff Hutton Park, in the Forest of Galtres, and over the next years built the New Lodge there as his country residence.[37] Ingram, Johnson, Martin Freman and George Lowe in partnership became the new farmers of the alum works upon more favourable terms.[38] The ill reputation which had seen him driven from court still pursued him, however, and a commission was set up to report into claims of fraudulent dealings. Lowe complained he had been drawn into the partnership unscrupulously, and in 1618 a scandal broke as it was proved that the Lord Treasurer, the Earl of Suffolk, who was on trial in the Court of Star Chamber for various offences, had engaged in corrupt transactions with Ingram.[39] Ingram however escaped severe punishment and continued his close involvement, gaining sole lease in 1621.[40] Though his management probably brought him little profit or popularity with his employees, he doubled the productivity of the works and built up an export trade, setting the direction for the continuation of the industry.[41]

In Yorkshire Ingram found for patron and associate Thomas Wentworth, Custos rotulorum for Yorkshire. Ingram was High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1619–20, and was returned M.P. for Appleby, Westmorland for the parliament of 1620–1. Letters from late 1620 show him in Wentworth's interest for re-election as Knight of the Shire, and the hospitality of his house requisitioned for that purpose.[42] In the following year his son and heir Arthur was knighted, and in 1622 Ingram made his purchase (for £12,000) of the neglected mansion of Temple Newsam, near Leeds, from Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, with its prestigious royal associations as the birthplace of the King's father, and commenced a 12-year rebuilding project there.[43] His brother Sir William died at York in 1623.[44]

The York Corporation, with expressions of appreciation for his goodwill towards them, enlisted his help in resolving differences with Hull over lead and corn, which were brought to a successful conclusion in 1623 through the offices of Lionel Cranfield, now Earl of Middlesex and Lord High Treasurer. Ingram was rewarded with the freedom of York, exempt from duty in municipal office.[45] Wentworth, meanwhile, had been forced to give up his London position as Receiver of crown lands and return to Yorkshire.[46] In February 1624 Ingram became MP for York.[47] Having failed to support his friend Cranfield's opposition to a Spanish War, instead advocating practical measures dependent upon the royal intention, he was then drawn into, and contributed significantly towards, proceedings for Cranfield's impeachment over land transactions from which he himself had benefited at Cranfield's expense.[48]

Wheels were already in motion to unclamp his hold on the alum monopoly. Sir John Bourchier, who in 1622 was released from all crown debts relating to it since 1611, made a formal proposal to amalgamate the alum and soap businesses, with compensation to Ingram, but then neutralized Ingram's interest by bringing charges against him for misappropriation of funds and breach of contract. Ingram was arrested and taken to London in October 1624. Such was the evidence presented to the resulting Exchequer Commission that Ingram was obliged to surrender the business in February 1625. However, through his favour with the King, and the larger processes surrounding the Statute of Monopolies of May 1624, he escaped from the affair very lightly.[49]

Following the King's death in March 1625 and the accession of King Charles, he was returned as MP for the city in the next three parliaments, in 1625, 1625–6, and 1627–8.

Ingram's almshouses

Ingram built the almshouse known as Ingram's Hospital which still stands in Bootham, York. He bought land for the purpose from Thomas Sandwith in 1629/30 and the building was completed in 1632. The almshouse provided for ten poor widows. Built of dark red brick with stone facings and a tiled roof, it is dominated by a low central tower over a former tower and caretaker's rooms. The decorative central doorway, of c1190, was bought from Holy Trinity Priory, Micklegate – its provenance is recorded in the Ingram accounts at Temple Newsam, though there has been an alternative theory that it came from St Giles church, formerly in Gillygate.[50]

Birch relates that Ingram took one Mr Garbut of Leeds to see the almshouses to get his opinion of them:

'...which though he was loath to give, yet being urged, he told him, it was too little. "Why", said Sir A., "the rooms are big enough, and it's in every man's choice what number he will admit." "However," said Mr G., "it is too little to hold those that you have undone." '[51]

It is thought that Ingram died at York in 1642 as the Civil War was breaking out. In January 1642, fearing for the safety of his family and retinue, King Charles left the London area for the north of the country, and was a guest of Sir Arthur Ingram in his York House for some part of this period. Ingram made his will on 15 August 1640 and it was proved on 10 September 1642.[52]

Family

Ingram's son by his second marriage, Thomas Ingram, has a memorial in Westminster Abbey. [53]

His successors continued to live in Temple Newsam until 1922.

References

1. G. Goodwin, 'Ingram, Sir Arthur (d. 1542), courtier', Dictionary of National Biography (1885-1900), Vol. 29.
2. S. Healy, 'Ingram, Sir Arthur (b. before 1571, d. 1642), financier and politician', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
3. A.F. Upton, Sir Arthur Ingram, c. 1565–1642: a study of the origins of an English landed family (Oxford University Press 1961).
4. J.T. Cliffe, The Yorkshire Gentry from the Reformation to the Civil War (Athlone Press, London 1969), p. 30.
5. C. Singer, The earliest Chemical Industry: an Essay in the Historical Relations of Economics & Technology Illustrated from the Alum Trade (Folio Society, London 1948), p. 187.
6. H.W. Forsyth Harwood, 'Ingram, Viscount Irvine', in J. Balfour Paul, The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland (David Douglas, Edinburgh 1908), V (1908), pp. 9-20.
7. Will of Hughe Ingram, Tallow Chandler of London (P.C.C. 1614), Lawe quire.
8. J. Venn & J.A. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, I.ii (Cambridge University Press 1922), p. 449.
9. J. Foster, Yorkshire Pedigrees I: West Riding (W. Wilfred Head, London 1874).
10. J.P. Ferris and S. Healy, 'Ingram, Arthur (c.1565-1642), of Fenchurch Street, London; later of Dean's Yard, Westminster, Temple Newsam and York, Yorks.', in A. Thrush and J.P. Ferris (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629 (Cambridge University Press 2010), History of Parliament online. (Retrieved 29/07/2017)
11. Upton, Sir Arthur Ingram, p. 56.
12. Ferris and Healy, 'Ingram, Arthur (c.1565-1642)', History of Parliament online.
13. Ferris and Healy, 'Ingram, Arthur (c.1565-1642)', History of Parliament online.
14. Thomas Birch, in British Library Birch MS 4460, quoted in J.J. Cartwright, Chapters in the History of Yorkshire (B.W. Allen, Wakefield 1872), pp. 197-98 (note).
15. G. Goodman (ed. J.S. Brewer), The Court of King James the First: to which are added Letters, 2 Vols (Richard Bentley, London 1839), I, pp. 252-55. (Google). D. Lloyd (ed. C. Whitworth), 'Observations on the Life of Sir Arthur Ingram', State Worthies, Or, The Statesmen and Favourites of England from the Reformation to the Revolution, 2 vols (J. Robson, London 1766), II, pp. 85-86. (Internet archive).
16. S. Healy, Chaloner, Sir Thomas (?1564-1615), of Richmond Palace, Surr., Steeple Claydon, Bucks. and Clerkenwell, Mdx., in A. Thrush and J.P. Ferris (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629 (Cambridge University Press 2010), History of Parliament online.
17. Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury, K.G., preserved at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, Historical Manuscripts Commission 9, Part XVIII (HMSO London 1940), p. 271. See Chapters in the History of Yorkshire, p. 195 (note), citing Harleian MS 6115.
18. Guildhall tracts, Beta, no. 60 (6 May 1609).
19. 'The Royal Alum Works', in W. Hyde Price, The English Patents of Monopoly (Houghton, Mifflin & Company, Boston and New York 1906), pp. 82-101, at pp. 83-85.
20. Ferris and Healy, 'Ingram, Arthur (c.1565-1642)', History of Parliament online.
21. Upton, Sir Arthur Ingram, pp. 251-52.
22. British Library Lansdowne MS 92, cited in Chapters in the History of Yorkshire, p. 194 (note).
23. R.B. Turton, The Alum Farm, together with a History of the Origin, Development and Eventual Decline of the Alum Trade in North East Yorkshire (Horne & Son, Whitby, 1938), pp. 83-153.
24. English Patents of Monopoly, pp. 86-90.
25. R.R. Reid, The King's Council in the North (Longmans, Green & Co, London 1921), Appendix II, pp. 489, 497 (State Papers, Domestic, James I, lxvi, no. 79).
26. Ferris & Healy, 'Ingram, Arthur', History of Parliament online.
27. R.J. Roberts, "'Two meane fellows grand projectors': the self-projection of Sir Arthur Ingram and Lionel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, 1600-1645, with particular reference to their houses" Unpublished PhD thesis, Teesside University Archived 1 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (2012), pp. 111-118.
28. W.C. Metcalfe, A Book of Knights Banneret, Knights of the Bath, and Knights Bachelor (Mitchell and Hughes, London 1885), pp. 164, 170.
29. The Scots Peerage, pp. 10-11.
30. N.E. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain, American Philosophical Society Memoirs XII Part 1 (Philadelphia 1939, reprinted 1962), Letter 181 (9 September 1613), at p. 476. (Hathi Trust)
31. Letters of John Chamberlain, I, Letter to Isaac Wake (12 October 1614), at p. 556.
32. G.E. Cokayne, Some Account of the Lord Mayors and Sheriffs of London, 1601-1625 (Phillimore and Co., London 1897), pp. 26-27. (Internet archive)
33. Letters of John Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton, 2, 16 & 30 March 1614/5, Letters of John Chamberlain I, pp. 583-592. (Hathi Trust)
34. 'Grevill', in J. Fetherston, The Visitation of the County of Warwick in the Year 1619, taken by William Camden, Harleian Society XII (London 1877), pp. 28-29.
35. Upton, Sir Arthur Ingram, c. 1565–1642, pp. 71-72.
36. Will of Anne Ingram, Widow of London (P.C.C. 1616), Cope quire.
37. S. Richardson, 'The Architectural History of Sheriff Hutton Hall', in B. Foreman (ed. E. Dennison), Within the Pale: The Story of Sheriff Hutton Park (William Sessions, York 2005), pp. 211-233. Roberts, "The Self-Projection of Sir Arthur Ingram,"(etc.) 2012, pp. 119-126.
38. 'Draft agreement tripartite (Ingram, Freman and Sir Thomas Bludder) for working the Yorkshire and Dorset alum mines' (January–February 1616/7), West Yorkshire Archive Service, Leeds (T.N.A. Discovery Catalogue), ref: WYL100/PO/8/1/13.
39. English Patents of Monopoly, pp. 90-92.
40. The earliest Chemical Industry, pp. 187-190.
41. Ferris & Healy, 'Ingram, Arthur', History of Parliament online.
42. The Earl of Strafforde's Letters and Dispatches, I, pp. 6, 11.
43. Roberts, "The Self-Projection of Sir Arthur Ingram (etc.)", 2012, pp. 126-132.
44. The Scots Peerage, V, p. 9.
45. Ferris & Healy, 'Ingram, Arthur', History of Parliament online.
46. R. Cust, 'Wentworth's "change of sides" in the 1620s,' in J.F. Merritt (ed.), The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621-1641 (Cambridge University Press 2003), p. 63 ff., at pp. 69-70 & note 24.
47. P. Baker (ed.), Proceedings in Parliament 1624: The House of Commons, British History Online (searchterm:Ingram). (Retrieved 1 August 2017)
48. M. Prestwich, Cranfield: Politics and Profits Under the Early Stuarts. The Career of Lionel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1966), pp. 441-60; Upton, Sir Arthur Ingram, c. 1565–1642, pp. 98-103; A. Davidson & S. Healy, Cranfield, Sir Lionel (1575-1645), of Wood Street, London; later of Chelsea, Mdx.; Copt Hall, Essex and Milcote, Warws., in A. Thrush and J.P. Ferris (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629, (Cambridge University Press 2010), History of Parliament online.
49. English Patents of Monopoly, pp. 92-95. cf. Ferris & Healy, 'Ingram, Arthur', History of Parliament online.
50. C. Smith, The Almshouses of York: Medieval Charity to Modern Welfare (Quacks Books, 2011). ISBN 978-1904446309.
51. Chapters in the History of Yorkshire, p. 198 (note).
52. Will of Sir Arthur Ingram of York, Yorkshire (P.C.C. 1642), Cambell quire 107.
53. "Westminster Abbey » Sir Thomas Ingram". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 23 February 2017.