Aristotelia chilensis

Aristotelia chilensis, known as maqui or Chilean wineberry, is a tree species in the Elaeocarpaceae family native to South America in the Valdivian temperate rainforests of Chile and adjacent regions of southern Argentina. Limited numbers of these trees are cultivated in gardens for their small fruits, known as maqui berries. Most of the fruits commercially marketed come from the wild.

Aristotelia chilensis
Maqui tree with fruits
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Oxalidales
Family: Elaeocarpaceae
Genus: Aristotelia
Species:
A. chilensis
Binomial name
Aristotelia chilensis
(Molina) Stuntz[1]
The native area of the rainforest
Synonyms
  • Cornus chilensis Molina
  • Aristotelia macqui L'Hér.

Description

Tree

Aristotelia chilensis is a small dioecious evergreen tree that can reach 4 to 5 metres (13 to 16 ft) in height. Its divided trunk has a smooth bark. Its branches are abundant, thin and flexible. Its leaves are simple, opposite, hanging, oval-lanceolate, naked and coriaceous, with serrated edges. The leaf venation is highly visible, and the leaf stalk is a strong red color.

In the beginning of spring, the tree sheds the old cohort, which is used as a carbohydrate source to form the new leaves and flowers.[2]

The berries of the maqui tree

Flowers and berries

When A. chilensis flowers at the end of spring, the white flowers are unisexual and small, but they eventually yield a small edible fruit. The small purple-black berries that form are approximately 4 to 6 millimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) in diameter and contain 4 to 8 angled seeds. A seven-year-old tree can produce up to 10 kilograms (22 lb) of berries per year. With fruit that tastes similar to blackberries, the species is known as the Chilean wineberry, and locally in Spanish as maqui or maque.

Distribution

Aristotelia chilensis is native to Chile and Argentina near the southwest coast of South America.[1] It is found naturally in Chilean rainforests. Its native area includes the Coquimbo and Aysén regions of Chile, and is 170,000 hectares (420,000 acres) in total.[3]

Ecology

Maqui berries are a favored food for birds at the end of summer. Deforestation of the Valdivian temperate rainforests in Chile suppresses seed dispersal by birds and leads to inbreeding depression.[4]

Harvesting and cultivation

The berries of A. chilensis are collected from wild plants from December to March of each year by families, mainly Mapuche, who collect their harvest near the Andes Mountains. The harvesting process involves collecting the side branches of trees, shaking them to separate the berries and leaves from the branches, and then employing a mechanical process to separate the berries from the leaves.

The stored fruits are sold in local markets, with prices ranging from $6.5 to $15 per kilogram ($2.9 to $6.8/lb). The average area yield is about 220 kilograms (490 lb) per hectare annually, with an estimated yearly total of only 90 short tons (180,000 lb), due to remote access and difficulty for transportation.

Aristotelia chilensis is planted in home gardens and is not grown on an orchard scale. Most of the fruits on the market come from the wild. Maqui is frost sensitive and fairly tolerant of maritime exposure. It prefers a well-drained soil in full sun, but with some protection against cold, drying winds. The soil should be slightly acidic with moderate fertility.[5]

Aristotelia chilensis can be planted in USDA zones 8 to 12. It is cultivated in Spain, and in milder, moister areas of Britain, where winter frosts reduce plant stock, thereby stimulating growth of more shoots in spring.[6]

Propagation

Seeds of A. chilensis germinate without cold stratification. In zones with the possibility of frost, it is recommended to sow in spring in a greenhouse. If they have grown enough, by autumn, the new plants can be planted into individual pots . The potted plants should stay in the greenhouse for the first winter.

The following year, after the last expected frost in spring, the plants can be planted out into their final positions. In their first winter outdoors, some type of frost protection is required.[7] For further propagation, vegetal reproduction is possible: cuttings of wood with a length of 15 to 30 centimetres (5.9 to 11.8 in) can be planted into pots. These cuttings normally root, and can be planted out in the following spring.[8]

Anthocyanin content and Antioxidant capacity

Polyphenol research has been completed on the maqui berry, which showed its anthocyanin [9] content to include eight glucoside pigments of delphinidin and cyanidin, with the principal anthocyanin being delphinidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside (34% of total anthocyanins).[10][11] The average total anthocyanin content was 138 milligrams (2.13 gr) per 100 grams (3.5 oz) of fresh fruit, or 212 milligrams (3.27 gr) per 100 grams (3.5 oz) of dry fruit,[11] ranking maqui berries low among darkly pigmented fruits for anthocyanin content (see table at anthocyanins). One study found that anthocyanins are also present in maqui leaves.[12]

The nutritional value of A chilensis has been extensively studied[13][14][15][16] [17] after the first publication showing that this berry has higher phenol content and scores better for total radical trapping potential and total antioxidant reactivity in antioxidant capacity tests, when compared to berries such as strawberry, blackberry and blueberry.[18] A chilenesis inhibits the oxidation of LDL cholesterol in-vitro and protects cultured human endothelial cells from oxidative stress caused by "bad cholesterol".[18]

References
  1. "Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz". Plants of the World online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  2. Prado CH, Damascos MA (September 2001). "Gas exchange and leaf specific mass of different foliar cohorts of the wintergreen shrub Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz (Eleocarpaceae) fifteen days before the flowering and the fall of the old cohort". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 44 (3): 277–82. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132001000300009.
  3. Nahuelhual L, Carmona A, Lara A, Echeverría C, González ME (2012). "Land-cover change to forest plantations: Proximate causes and implications for the landscape in south-central Chile". Landscape and Urban Planning. 107 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.04.006.
  4. Valdivia CE, Simonetti JA (2006). "Decreased frugivory and seed germination rate do not reduce seedling recruitment rates of Aristotelia chilensis in a fragmented forest". Biodiversity and Conservation (6): 1593–1602. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6444-9_2. hdl:10533/178593. ISBN 978-1-4020-6443-2.
  5. Huxley A (1992). The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening.
  6. Grey-Wilson C, Matthews V (1983). Gardening on Walls. London.
  7. Bean W (1981). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. 1–4.
  8. Chittenden F (1951). RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. Oxford University Press.
  9. Romero-González J, Shun Ah-Hen K, Lemus-Mondaca R, Muñoz-Fariña O (May 2020). "Total phenolics, anthocyanin profile and antioxidant activity of maqui, Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, berries extract in freeze-dried polysaccharides microcapsules". Food Chemistry. 313: 126115. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126115. PMID 31927206.
  10. Fredes C, Yousef GG, Robert P, Grace MH, Lila MA, Gómez M, et al. (October 2014). "Anthocyanin profiling of wild maqui berries (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) from different geographical regions in Chile". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 94 (13): 2639–48. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6602. hdl:10533/127080. PMID 24497378.
  11. Escribano-Bailón MT, Alcalde-Eon C, Muñoz O, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, Santos-Buelga C (2006). "Anthocyanins in berries of Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz)". Phytochemical Analysis. 17 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1002/pca.872. hdl:10366/141047. PMID 16454470.
  12. Suwalsky M, Vargas P, Avello M, Villena F, Sotomayor CP (November 2008). "Human erythrocytes are affected in vitro by flavonoids of Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui) leaves". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 363 (1–2): 85–90. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.005. hdl:10533/142020. PMID 18687390.
  13. Li J, Yuan C, Pan L, Benatrehina PA, Chai H, Keller WJ, et al. (October 2017). "Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Constituents from a Maqui Berry (Aristotelia chilensis) Dietary Supplement Ingredient As Markers for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (39): 8634–8642. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03261. PMC 5685509. PMID 28910091.
  14. Schreckinger ME, Wang J, Yousef G, Lila MA, Gonzalez de Mejia E (August 2010). "Antioxidant capacity and in vitro inhibition of adipogenesis and inflammation by phenolic extracts of Vaccinium floribundum and Aristotelia chilensis". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58 (16): 8966–76. doi:10.1021/jf100975m. PMID 23654232.
  15. Garcia-Diaz DF, Jimenez P, Reyes-Farias M, Soto-Covasich J, Costa AG (September 2019). "A Review of the Potential of Chilean Native Berries in the Treatment of Obesity and its Related Features". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 74 (3): 277–286. doi:10.1007/s11130-019-00746-6. PMID 31278560. S2CID 195813455.
  16. Bribiesca-Cruz I, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C, Gallardo JM, Segura-Uribe JJ, Pinto-Almazán R, Guerra-Araiza C (July 2019). "Aristotelia chilensis) extract improves memory and decreases oxidative stress in male rat brain exposed to ozone". Nutritional Neuroscience. 0: 1–13. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2019.1645438. PMID 31354109.
  17. Vergara D, Ávila D, Escobar E, Carrasco-Pozo C, Sánchez A, Gotteland M (March 2015). "The intake of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) berry extract normalizes H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations in exhaled breath condensate from healthy smokers - an explorative study". Nutrition Journal. 14 (1): 27. doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0008-1. PMC 4369103. PMID 25889552.
  18. Miranda-Rottmann S, Aspillaga AA, Pérez DD, Vasquez L, Martinez AL, Leighton F (December 2002). "Juice and phenolic fractions of the berry Aristotelia chilensis inhibit LDL oxidation in vitro and protect human endothelial cells against oxidative stress". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (26): 7542–7. doi:10.1021/jf025797n. PMID 12475268.

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