Arion distinctus

Arion distinctus is a species of air-breathing land slug in the family Arionidae, sometimes known as the roundback slugs. It is a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc. Several vernacular names exist, but it is unclear if they are much in use: brown soil slug, common garden slug, darkface arion, Mabille's orange-soled slug, April slug.[2]

Arion distinctus
Arion distinctus from the Czech Republic
NE[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Superorder: Eupulmonata
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Arionidae
Genus: Arion
Species:
A. distinctus
Binomial name
Arion distinctus
Mabille, 1868

Taxonomic background

Arion hortensis was described by Férussac in 1819.[3] Only in the 1970s did the amateur malacologist Stella Davies discover that in Britain that name had been applied to three distinct species.[4] Later the name Arion distinctus was used for the one of these species that Davies had provisionally called "form A".[5][6] Mabille's original 1868 description of A. distinctus[7] included details (coloration, date of collection) that tended to indicate this species rather than Arion hortensis s.s.[6] No type survived, so a neotype has been designated, collected from the same rough locality (near Sèvres, Paris).[6]

Identification

As in other members of the genus Arion, the pneumostome is in the anterior half of the mantle. Arion distinctus never gets bigger than about 4 cm extended.[2] In contrast with members of the subgenus Carinarion (e.g. Arion circumscriptus), there is no dorsal line of pale tubercles suggesting a keel and the shape of the body in cross-section is a segment of a circle rather than a bell shape.[8] Arion distinctus lacks the prickly tubercles of A. intermedius, and is larger and darker with prominent lateral bands.[2] Arion subfuscus and A. fuscus can look similar to A. distinctus when preserved, but these species in life have bright orange mucus on the body and a pale sole, whereas in A. distinctus the sole appears yellow or orange from the sole mucus, but the body mucus is not coloured.[2]

However, reliable discrimination from other members of the subgenus Kobeltia is not always straightforward on external characters.[2] In much of Western Europe the Kobeltia species most likely to be confused is A. hortensis; mixed populations often occur.[9] Authorities differ in their advice on how reliably the two species can be separated using external characters when alive.[6][10][9] Useful indications are that A. distinctus has dark tentacles without the red or violet tinge typical of A. hortensis, the general appearance of its back is yellower or browner than in A. hortensis, the row of tubercles directly above the sole is not as white as is typical of A. hortensis, and (least reliably) the lateral bands tend to be lower, running through the pneumostome rather than above.[4][6][9][2] If dissection reveals a two-partite oviduct, one can be sure of A. distinctus, but in most regions a sizeable proportion of individuals have a three-partite oviduct like that of A. hortensis.[4] The definitive character, distinguishing A. distinctus from all other Kobeltia species, is a conical structure inside the atrium that covers the entrance to the epiphallus,[4][11][12] but it is not developed in juveniles.[13] The structure is involved in receiving the partner's spermatophore.[4]

Habitat

Arion distinctus occurs in a variety of moist habitats, including gardens, waste ground and woodland, but may be absent in harsh upland habitats.[14] In Switzerland it occurs up to 2000 m.[15] It is typically found amongst ground litter or sheltering under wood, stones and soil clods. Studies in agriculture and horticulture have often not distinguished A. distinctus and A. hortensis, but both species are considered to be economically significant pests.[16][17]

Distribution

This species is believed native to Western, Northern and Central Europe, but has spread eastwards, particularly in synanthropic habitats. The Andorran occurrences are the only confirmed records from the Iberian Peninsula.

Arion distinctus has also been introduced beyond Europe. The following include only records in which A. distinctus has explicitly been distinguished from A. hortensis.

Life cycle and reproduction

Unfortunately with most relevant studies it is unclear to what extent the authors were dealing with populations of the sibling species A. hortensis or with mixed populations. However, a more recent study of a pure A. distinctus population in southern England reports results comparable with most others[42] (but not with Hunter 1968,[43] so that study might have concerned A. hortensis). The majority of individuals matured in early winter and adults persisted until summer. Eggs laid at the beginning of this period produced animals of adult size already by the start of summer, but these disappeared underground over summer and did not mature reproductively until the end of the year. This is an annual life cycle. The development of slugs hatching from eggs laid later in spring appeared to be delayed by the dry summer conditions, generating a bimodal size distribution in autumn, and these slugs only matured in spring, with possibly some delaying further. Hence, most studies have reported a full range of sizes of this species throughout the year, although reproducing adults are largely absent over summer and autumn. Arion distinctus matures several weeks or more later than the sibling species A. hortensis.[4][9] In captivity eggs took about 27 days to hatch at 12–15 °C.[42]

Genetic evidence implies that A. distinctus is at least predominantly an outbreeder.[44] In captivity it only produced offspring when it had had the company of a conspecific.[4] The two oviduct morphs of A. distinctus mate with each other freely, even though only the tripartite form is able to evert its oviduct over the back of the partner.[4] Coitus lasts 20–30 min, considerably shorter than in A. hortensis.[4] Arion distinctus has been observed mating with A. hortensis in the wild, but no hybrids have been observed.[9]

References
  1. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Cited 15 March 2007.
  2. Rowson, Ben; Turner, James; Anderson, Roy; Symondson, Bill (2014). Slugs of Britain and Ireland: identification, understanding and control. Telford: Field Studies Council. ISBN 978-1-908819-13-0.
  3. Férussac, J. B. L. d'Audebard de (1819). Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles 2. p. 196.
  4. Davies, S.M. (1977). "The Arion hortensis complex with notes on A. intermedius Normand (Pulmonata: Arionidae)". Journal of Conchology. 29: 173–187.
  5. Davies, S.M. (1979). "Segregates of the Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae), with the description of a new species, Arion owenii". Journal of Conchology. 30: 123–127.
  6. Winter, A.J. de (1984). "The Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae): designation of types, descriptions, and distributional patterns, with special reference to the Netherlands". Zoologische Mededelingen. 59 (1): 1–17.
  7. Mabille, J. (1868). Archives malacologiques, 3. Des Limaciens européens. Paris. pp. 33–52.
  8. Kerney, M.P.; Cameron, R.A.D. (1979). A Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain and North-West Europe. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0002196765.
  9. Iglesias, J.; Speiser, B. (2001). "Distribution of Arion hortensis s.s. and Arion distinctus in northern Switzerland". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 67 (2): 209–214. doi:10.1093/mollus/67.2.209.
  10. Barker, G.M. (1999). Fauna of New Zealand 38: naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press. ISBN 978-0-478-09322-3.
  11. Backeljau, T.; Van Beeck, M. (1986). "Epiphallus anatomy in the Arion hortensis species aggregate (Mollusca, Pulmonata)". Zoologica Scripta. 15: 61–68. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00209.x.
  12. Dvořák, L.; Backeljau, T.; Reischütz, P.L.; Horsák, M.; Breugelmans, K.; Jordaens, K. (2006). "Arion alpinus Pollonera, 1887 in the Czech Republic (Gastropoda: Arionidae)". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca. 5: 51–55.
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