Arenig

In geology, the Arenigian (or 'Arenig') refers both to a time interval during the Lower Ordovician period and also to the suite of rocks which were deposited during this interval.

For the mountains in Wales, see Arenigs.
Arenig Fawr, the mountain which lends its name to the geological series

History

The term was first used by Adam Sedgwick in 1847 with reference to the "Arenig Ashes and Porphyries" in the neighbourhood of Arenig Fawr, in Merioneth, North Wales. The rock-succession in the Arenig district has been recognized by W. G. Fearnsides (“On the Geology of Arenig Fawr and Moel Llanfnant", Q.J.G.S. vol. lxi., 1905, pp. 608–640, with maps). The above succession is divisible into:

  1. A lower series of gritty and calcareous sediments, the "Arenig Series" as it is now understood;
  2. A middle series, mainly volcanic, with shale, the "Llandeilo Series"; and
  3. The shale and limestones of the Bala or Caradoc Stage.

It was to the middle series (2) that Sedgwick first applied the term "Arenig". In the typical region and in North Wales generally the Arenig series appears to be unconformable upon the Cambrian rocks; this is not the case in South Wales.[1]

The Arenig series is represented in North Wales by the Garth Grit and Ty Obry beds, by the Shelve series of the Corndon district, the Skiddaw Slates of the Lake District, the Ballantrae Group of Ayrshire, and by the Ribband Series of slates and shale in Wicklow and Wexford. It may be mentioned here that the "Llanvirn" Series of H. Hicks was equivalent to the bifidus shale and the Lower Llandeilo Series.[1]

Geochronology

In the geologic timescale, the "Arenig" or Arenigian refers to an age of the Lower Ordovician epoch, between 478.6 ± 1.7 and 471.8 ± 1.6 million years ago, contemporary with the more recently proposed Floian by the ICS,[2] based on a section in Sweden (Diabasbrottet quarry) and with the same boundaries. The Arenigian and Floian are the upper part of the Lower Ordovician and follow the Tremadocian (Gasconadian in North America) which is the lower part. Either is followed by the Middle Ordovician ICS Dapingian or by the Llanvirnian of older chronologies. The Arenigian and equivalent Floian are represented in North America by the upper three stages of the Canadian which is followed by the Middle Ordovician Whiterockian which is the lower part of the now shortened Chazyan.

Events

The Arenig group was deposited during a sudden worldwide rise in sea level resulting in widespread marine transgression. The early Ordovician surge in marine diversity also began around this time.[3]

Brachiopod fauna
Incertae sedis brachiopods of the Floian[4]
  • Eurorthisina
  • Tegulella
Acrotretida of the Floian[4]
  • Acanthambonia
  • Cyrbasiotreta
  • Eoconulus
  • Issedonia
  • Karnotreta
  • Lurgiticoma
  • Multispinula
  • Mylloconotreta
  • Numericoma
  • Orthisocrania
  • Polylasma
  • Pomeraniotreta
  • Pseudocrania
  • Scaphelasma
  • Schizotreta
  • Torynelasma
Lingulida of the Floian[4]
  • Acanthorthis
  • Aulonotreta
  • Dictyobolus
  • Ectenoglossa
  • Elliptoglossa
  • Monobolina
  • Paldiskites
  • Paterula
  • Pseudolingula
  • Quasithambonia
  • Rafanoglossa
  • Volborthia
Orthida of the Floian[4]
  • Acanthorthis
  • Acanthotoechia
  • Anchigonites
  • Angusticardinia
  • Anomalorthis
  • Antigonambonites
  • Apomatella
  • Astraborthis
  • Crossiskenidium
  • Dalmanella
  • Desmorthis
  • Diparelasma
  • Eodiorthelasma
  • Eosotrematorthis
  • Estlandia
  • Euorthisina
  • Famatinorthis
  • Fasciculina
  • Ferrax
  • Ffynnonia
  • Fistulogonites
  • Glossorthis
  • Glypterina
  • Hesperonomiella
  • Incorthis
  • Jaanussonites
  • Ladogiella
  • Lomatorthis
  • Monorthis
  • Munhella
  • Nereidella
  • Neumania
  • Nocturneilla
  • Notoscaphidia
  • Oligorthis
  • Orthambonites
  • Orthidiella
  • Orthidium
  • Orthis
  • Oslogonites
  • Panderina
  • Paralenorthis
  • Paurorthina
  • Paurorthis
  • Phragmorthis
  • Platystrophia
  • Platytoechia
  • Polytoechia
  • Pomatotrema
  • Prantlina
  • Productorthis
  • Progonambonites
  • Protohesperonomia
  • Protoskenidiodes
  • Pseudomimella
  • Raunites
  • Rhynchorthis
  • Shoshonorthis
  • Sinorthis
  • Taphrorthis
  • Tarfaya
  • Treioria
  • Trematorthis
  • Valcourea
  • Virgoria
Paternida of the Floian
  • Dictyonites
Pentamerida of the Floian
  • Acanthorthis
  • Acanthoglypha
  • Boreadocamara
  • Camerella
  • Doloresella
  • Hesperotrophia
  • Idiostrophia
  • Imbricatia
  • Karakulina
  • Liricamera
  • Lycophoria
  • Porambonites
  • Rectotrophia
  • Rosella
  • Rugostrophia
  • Stenocamara
  • Syntrophia
  • Syntrophinella
  • Xenelasma

Strophomenida
Strophomenida of the Floian
  • Acanthorthis
  • Ahtiella
  • Aporthophyla
  • Borua
  • Calyptolepta
  • Christiania
  • Ingria
  • Leptestia
  • Petroria
  • Plectambonites
  • Reinversella
  • Schedophyla
  • Taffia
  • Tourmakeadia
Trimerellida of the Floian
  • Dinobolus

Cephalopoda
Actinocerida
  • Metactinoceras
  • Ordosoceras
  • Polydesmia

Upper

The following is a list of Actinocerid genera whose fossils are geochronologically found first in upper Arenig strata. These genera may survive into later portions of the Arenig stage, or even into later geological stages. This list should not be thought of in terms of the lifespan of the genera included.

Orthocerida
Orthocerids of the Floian[5]
Barrandeocerida of the Floian[5]
Ellesmerocerida of the Floian[5]
Endocerida
  • Campendoceras
  • Dartonoceras
  • Kaipingoceras
  • Kugeloceras
  • Lobosiphon
  • Manitouoceras
  • Mcqueenoceras
  • Mysticoceras
  • Notocycloceras
  • Oderoceras
  • Parapiloceras
  • Phragmosiphon
  • Platysiphon
  • Pliendoceras
  • Retroclitendoceras
  • Stenosiphon
  • Subpenhsioceras
  • Utoceras
  • Yorkoceras
  • Vaginoceras
  • Chisiloceras
  • Cyrtovaginoceras
  • Tallinnoceras
  • Juaboceras
  • Penhsioceras
  • Ventrolobendoceras
Lower

The following is a list of Endocerid genera whose fossils are geochronologically found first in lower Arenig strata. These genera may survive into later portions of the Arenig stage, or even into later geological stages. This list should not be thought of in terms of the lifespan of the genera included.

Upper

The following is a list of Endocerid genera whose fossils are geochronologically found first in upper Arenig strata. These genera may survive into later portions of the Arenig stage, or even into later geological stages. This list should not be thought of in terms of the lifespan of the genera included.

Intejocerida of the Floian
Oncocerids of the Floian
Nautiloids of the Floian
Tarphycerida
  • Deltoceras
  • Pseudancistroceras
  • Seelyoceras
Lower
Upper

Trilobite fauna
Trilobites of the Floian[6]
Agnostida of the Floian'[6]
Asaphida of the Floian[6]
Asaphus
Corynexichida of the Floian[6]
Lichida of the Floian[6]
Odontopleurida of the Floian[6]
Phacopida of the Floian
Colpocoryphe grandis
Proetida of the Floian
Ptychopariida of the Floian[6]

References
  1.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Howe, John Allen (1911). "Arenig Group". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 452.
  2. ICS; see Ordovician
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2007-12-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on brachiopoda)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 14 October 2004. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  5. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on cephalopoda)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
  6. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on trilobita)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
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