Area Redevelopment Administration


Area Redevelopment Administration was a rural poverty program of the Kennedy administration, primarily in Appalachia.

Kennedy's anti-poverty policies

Kennedy said little about poverty in his campaign, but began talking about unemployment in his first State of the Union address in January 1961.[1]

From his economic concerns, Kennedy created the Appalachian Regional Commission, VISTA, raised the minimum wage, and signed the Manpower Development and Training Act[2]

Journalism by Homer Bigart in 1962-1963 aroused Kennedy's concern for poverty in Appalachia, and he focused existing funds on pilot projects on the issue in 1963.[3]

In late 1963, Kennedy said "the time has come to organize a national assault on the causes of poverty, a comprehensive program."[4] In October 1963, Kennedy was planning a trip to bring national attention to rural poverty.[4]

The idea of the War on Poverty began emerging from the white house in 1963, but Congress was rejecting virtually all of Kennedy's domestic legislation proposals at the time.[5] Kennedy strongly prioritized foreign policy in his concerns over his domestic agenda.[6]

Area Redevelopment Administration

Creation

Kennedy proposed and achieved passage of the Area Redevelopment Act, which provided federal funding to economically struggling regions of the country.[7] The Area Redevelopment Act, a $394 million spending package passed in 1961, followed a strategy of investing in the private sector to stimulate new job creation. It specifically targeted businesses in urban and rural depressed areas and authorized $4.5 million annually over four years for vocational training programs.

Political impediments

On June 11, 1963, Kennedy delivered a Report to the American People on Civil Rights, proposing what became the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This aligned him with the civil rights movement, which he had earlier distanced himself from to avoid upsetting Southern legislators.[8][9] Kennedy's action had the anticipated effect: a motion in the House of Representatives to boost funding to the Area Redevelopment Administration as requested by Kennedy suffered a surprising defeat, 209–204, because of the opposition of Southern Democrats. Their rejection of the bill was widely viewed as a revolt against the President for his stance on civil rights.[10][11] In discussing the failure with House Majority Leader Carl Albert, Kennedy lamented, "Civil rights did it."[12] When historian and presidential adviser Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. complemented Kennedy on his remarks, the latter bitterly replied, "Yes, and look at what happened to area development the very next day in the House." He then added, "But of course, I had to give that speech, and I'm glad that I did."[13]

Restructuring

The Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 reorganized the Areas Redevelopment Administration (ARA) into the Economic Development Administration (EDA), and authorized $3.3 billion over 5 years while specifying seven criteria for eligibility. The list included low median family income, but the 6% or higher unemployment applied to the greatest number of areas, while the Act also mentioned outmigration from rural areas as a criterion. In an attempt to go beyond what one writer described as "ARA’s failed scattershot approach" of providing aid to individual counties and inspired by the European model of regional development, the EDA encouraged counties to form Economic Development Districts (EDDs) as it was recognized that individual distressed counties (called RAs or Redevelopment Areas) lacked sufficient resources for their own development.[14]


Citations
  1. Brinkley, Schlesinger & Wilentz 2012, p. 63.
  2. Duncan 2013, p. 133f.
  3. Gillette 2010, p. 3.
  4. Duncan 2013, p. 134.
  5. Brinkley, Schlesinger & Wilentz 2012, p. 148.
  6. Duncan 2013, p. 135.
  7. Giglio 2006, pp. 105–106.
  8. Shogan 2007, p. 119.
  9. Ashley & Jarmer 2015, p. 115.
  10. Savage 2012, p. 186.
  11. Reeves 1993, p. 524.
  12. Risen 2014, p. 69.
  13. Cohen 2016, p. 357.
  14. Roth 2002.

References
  • Ashley, Jeffrey S.; Jarmer, Marla J., eds. (2015). The Bully Pulpit, Presidential Speeches, and the Shaping of Public Policy. Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498501965.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Brinkley, A.; Schlesinger, A.M.; Wilentz, S. (2012). John F. Kennedy: The American Presidents Series: The 35th President, 1961-1963. The American Presidents. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-4299-7422-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Cohen, Andrew (2016) [2014]. Two Days in June: John F. Kennedy and the 48 Hours That Changed History (illustrated, reprint ed.). McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9780771023897.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Duncan, J.K. (2013). John F. Kennedy: The Spirit of Cold War Liberalism. Routledge Historical Americans. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-17488-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Giglio, J.N. (2006) [1991]. The Presidency of John F. Kennedy. American presidency series. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1457-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gillette, M.L. (2010). Launching the War on Poverty: An Oral History. Oxford Oral History Series. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977986-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Reeves, Richard (1993). President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-64879-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Risen, Clay (2014). The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act (illustrated ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781608198245.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Roth, Dennis (2002). "The Johnson Administration and the Great Society". In Roth, Dennis; Effland, Anne B. W.; Bowers, Douglas E. (eds.). Federal Rural Development Policy in the Twentieth Century. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-10-24.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Savage, Sean J. (2012). JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791484685.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Shogan, Colleen J. (2007). The Moral Rhetoric of American Presidents (revised ed.). Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9781585446391.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
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