Antagomir

Antagomirs also known as anti-miRs or blockmirs are a class of chemically engineered oligonucleotides that prevent other molecules from binding to a desired site on an mRNA molecule.[1] Antagomirs are used to silence endogenous microRNA (miR).[2][3]

An antagomir is a small synthetic RNA that is perfectly complementary to the specific miRNA target with either mispairing at the cleavage site of Ago2 or some sort of base modification to inhibit Ago2 cleavage. Usually, antagomirs have some sort of modification, such as 2'-methoxy groups and phosphorothioates, to make them more resistant to degradation.

Mechanism of action

Antagomirs are microRNA inhibitors that inhibit miRNAs but, because of the promiscuity of microRNAs, antagomirs could affect the regulation of many different mRNA molecules. It is unclear how antagomirization (the process by which an antagomir inhibits miRNA activity) operates, but it is believed to inhibit by irreversibly binding the mRNA.

Blockmirs are designed to have a sequence that is complementary to an mRNA sequence that serves as a binding site for microRNA. Upon binding, Blockmirs sterically block microRNA from binding to the same site, which prevents the degradation of the target mRNA via RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). If a Blockmir binds to a non-intended RNA, it will only cause an effect if it prevents binding of a microRNA or another cellular factor. This occurrence is highly unlikely, meaning off-target effects will rarely be an issue.

Hence, Blockmirs enable modulation of microRNA-based gene regulation with exquisite specificity. Importantly, Blockmirs are typically agonists of their target mRNA, i.e. they increase the synthesis of the protein encoded by the target mRNA. Blockmirs bind on the 3’ end of the untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA strand, which adequately blocks microRNA from binding, as most microRNAs do not bind to the translated region.

Applications

Antagomirs are used as a method to constitutively inhibit the activity of specific miRNAs. For example, antagomirs against miR-21 have been successfully used to inhibit fibrosis of heart[4] and lung.[5]

HCV

microRNA-122, cholesterol and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)[6]

The primary method for using microRNA technology to target HCV is by knocking out the liver-specific microRNA. miRNA-122 binds to the 5' UTRregion of HCV's mRNA strand and, contrary to miRNA's normal function of repressing mRNA, actually upregulates the expression of the Hepatitis C Virus. Thus, the therapeutic goal in such a case would be to keep miRNA-122 from binding to HCV mRNA in order to prevent this mRNA from being expressed. However, miRNA-122 also regulates cholesterol (HDL) and the activity of tumor-suppressor genes (oncogenes).This means that not only will knocking out the microRNA-122 reduce the HCV infection, but it will also reduce the activity of tumor suppressor genes, potentially leading to liver cancer. In order to target HCV mRNA specifically (instead of miRNA-122 as a whole), Blockmir technology has been developed to solely target HCV mRNA, thus avoiding any sort of tampering with oncogene expression. This may be achieved by designing a Blockmir that matches seed 1.

High-density lipoprotein

microRNA-33a/b

MicroRNA-33a/b inhibition in mice leads to increased blood high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Abca1 is essential for production of HDL precursors in liver cells. In macrophages, Abca1 excretes cholesterol from oxidized cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins and thus counteracts atherosclerotic plaques. From this, it is hypothesized that microRNA-33 affects HDL via regulation of Abca1. Therefore, in order to target the regulation of Abca1, a Blockmir can be developed that specifically binds to Abca1 mRNA molecules, thus blocking its miRNA site and upregulating its expression. Such an application of Blockmir technology could lead to overall increased HDL levels.

Insulin signalling

microRNA-103/107[7]

MicroRNA-103/107 inhibition in mice leads to increased insulin sensitivity and signalling.[8] It has been shown that Caveolin-1-deficient mice show insulin resistance. MicroRNA-103/107 inhibition in Caveolin-1-deficient mice has no effect on insulin sensitivity and signalling. Thus, micro103/107 may affect insulin sensitivity by targeting Caveolin-1.

Ischemia and immunotherapy

The blockmir CD5-2 has been shown to inhibit the interaction between miR-27 and VE-cadherin, enhancing recovery from ischemic injury in mice.[9] The drug has also been shown to enhance T cell infiltration in combination with immunotherapy in mouse models of pancreatic cancer.[10]

References
  1. Yue J (July 2011). "miRNA and vascular cell movement". Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63 (8): 616–22. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.001. PMC 3129380. PMID 21241758.
  2. Krützfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, Rajeev KG, Tuschl T, Manoharan M, Stoffel M (December 2005). "Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs'". Nature. 438 (7068): 685–9. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..685K. doi:10.1038/nature04303. PMID 16258535.
  3. Czech MP (March 2006). "MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (11): 1194–5. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr060065. PMID 16540623.
  4. Adam O, Löhfelm B, Thum T, Gupta SK, Puhl SL, Schäfers HJ, Böhm M, Laufs U (September 2012). "Role of miR-21 in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis". Basic Res. Cardiol. 107 (5): 278. doi:10.1007/s00395-012-0278-0. PMID 22760500.
  5. Pandit KV, Corcoran D, Yousef H, Yarlagadda M, Tzouvelekis A, Gibson KF, Konishi K, Yousem SA, Singh M, Handley D, Richards T, Selman M, Watkins SC, Pardo A, Ben-Yehudah A, Bouros D, Eickelberg O, Ray P, Benos PV, Kaminski N (July 2010). "Inhibition and role of let-7d in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 182 (2): 220–9. doi:10.1164/rccm.200911-1698OC. PMC 2913236. PMID 20395557.
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001329/
  7. Trajkovski M, Hausser J, Soutschek J, Bhat B, Akin A, Zavolan M, Heim MH, Stoffel M (June 2011). "MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity". Nature. 474 (7353): 649–53. doi:10.1038/nature10112. PMID 21654750.
  8. Kahn CR (December 1978). "Insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity, and insulin unresponsiveness: a necessary distinction". Metab. Clin. Exp. 27 (12 Suppl 2): 1893–902. doi:10.1016/S0026-0495(78)80007-9. PMID 723640.
  9. Young, J. A.; Ting, K. K.; Li, J.; Moller, T.; Dunn, L.; Lu, Y.; Lay, A. J.; Moses, J.; Prado-Lourenco, L.; Khachigian, L. M.; Ng, M.; Gregory, P. A.; Goodall, G. J.; Tsykin, A.; Lichtenstein, I.; Hahn, C. N.; Tran, N.; Shackel, N.; Kench, J. G.; McCaughan, G.; Vadas, M. A.; Gamble, J. R. (5 September 2013). "Regulation of vascular leak and recovery from ischemic injury by general and VE-cadherin-restricted miRNA antagonists of miR-27". Blood. 122 (16): 2911–2919. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-12-473017. PMID 24009229.
  10. Zhao, Yang; Ting, Kaka; Li, Jia; Cogger, Victoria C; Chen, Jinbiao; Johansson-Percival, Anna; Ngiow, Shin Foong; Holst, Jeff; Grau, Georges E. R.; Goel, Shom; Moller, Thorleif; Dejana, Elisabetta; McCaughan, Geoffrey W; Smyth, Mark J.; Ganss, Ruth; Vadas, Mathew A; Gamble, Jennifer R (27 June 2017). "Targeting vascular endothelial-cadherin in tumor-associated blood vessels promotes T cell-mediated immunotherapy". Cancer Research. 77 (16): 4434–4447. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3129. PMID 28655790.
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