André Furtado de Mendonça

André Furtado de Mendonça (1558 – April 1, 1611) was a captain and governor of Portuguese India, and a military commander during Portuguese expansion into Ceylon, India, Indonesia and Malacca.

André Furtado de Mendonça
Governor of Portuguese India
In office
1609[1][2] – 1609 or 1610
MonarchPhilip II of Portugal
Preceded byAleixo de Menezes
Succeeded byRui Lourenço de Távora
Personal details
Born1558
Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died1611 (aged 52–53)
Kingdom of Portugal
NationalityPortuguese
Military service
AllegiancePortuguese Empire
Battles/warsSiege of Malacca (1606)
Battle of Bantam
Battle of Flores

Biography

He was a son of Afonso Furtado Mendoça, commander of Beja and Rio Maior and D. Joana Sousa. André Furtado was curious to develop combat knowledge and he started to study combat, meteorology and oceanography and cartography when he was 18 years old. He joined forces and became successful captain at the age of 25 years. He took part in notable battles including Battle of Flores. He served some of the Portuguese colonial countries in the Indian Ocean for the Portuguese Empire. He died due to illness in April 1611 and buried at the church of Covenant of Grace (Portuguese: Convento da Graça) in Lisbon.[3]

Portuguese Ceylon
Main article: Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1591)

André Furtado de Mendonça led the forces of a company of 1,400 Portuguese and 3,000 lascarins against King Puviraja Pandaram as the second expedition in Mannar and gained victory, and continued his campaign to the heartland of the Jaffna kingdom.[4] Captain André Furtado killed king Puvirasa Pandaram in 1591.[4][5][6][7] After the death of Puvirasa Pandaram, his son Ethirimana Cinkam was installed as the ruler by André Furtado. It created Portuguese overlordship in the region including freedom to Catholic Christian missions. Earlier, Christian missionaries were not allowed during the rule of Puvirasa Pandaram. Gradually, the incumbent king resisted Portuguese overlordship until he was ousted and hanged by Filipe de Oliveira in 1619.[8]:166

Portuguese Malacca
Main article: Siege of Malacca (1606)

In April 1606, Portuguese forces under the captainship of André Furtado were besieged in Malacca by a Dutch fleet under the command of Cornelis Matelief de Jonge. Portuguese forces were no match to Dutch due to disproportional size of men and vessels. However, they managed to resist the besiegers until August 1606 and received support from Viceroy Martim Afonso de Castro.[9]

Portuguese India

André Furtado engaged with several battles in India, including fierce battle with Kunhali Marakkar. His forces bombarded Marakkar fort from the sea while allies Samoodiri attacked it from the land in 1600. Kunjali Marakkar surrendered to Samoothiri as he lost the battle.[10] Finally, the Portuguese seized the Kunjali, against the terms of the surrender, during a tumult caused by an enemy attack. Then Furtado ordered the fort and the town razed, the Kunjali executed, quartered, and his body displayed on a pike.[11]

After the death of viceroy D. João Pereira Forjaz in 1609, André Furtado became the Governor of Portuguese India for only three months until the arrival of new viceroy Rui Lourenço Tavora.[12]:187[13]

See also

References
  1. Danvers, Frederick Charles (1892). The Portuguese in India: being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire, appendix B. Asian Educational Services, 1988. p. 487.
  2. Stephens, Henry Morse (1892). Albuquerque, Volume 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 13.
  3. "André Furtado de Mendonça, 37º Gov.or da Índia (1558–1611)". Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  4. "The Karava Singhe Dynasty Of Jaffna". Karava of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  5. Abeysinghe, Tikiri (1986). Jaffna under the Portuguese (PDF). Colombo: Lake House. pp. 2, 3. ISBN 955-552-000-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  6. Martyn. H, John (2003). Notes on Jaffna – Chronological, Historical, Biographical. Chennai: Asian Educational Services. pp. 2, 138.
  7. "Portuguese: Religious conversion and ending Tamils' Sovereignty". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  8. K. M. De Silva (1 January 1981). A History of Sri Lanka. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04320-6.
  9. Tony Jaques (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 620. ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9.
  10. Sun Yat-Sen institute (1939). T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
  11. Murkot Ramunny (1993). Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy. Northern Book Centre. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-7211-052-9.
  12. Manuel de Faria e Sousa (1695). Ásia portuguesa, de Manuel de Faria e Sousa, parte III. en la officina de Antonio Craesbeeck demello.
  13. "Furtado de Mendonça". Retrieved 13 April 2014.
Government offices
Preceded by
Aleixo de Menezes		 Governor of Portuguese India
1609		 Succeeded by
Rui Lourenço de Távora
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