Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Ambrosia artemisiifolia, with the common names common ragweed, annual ragweed, and low ragweed, is a species of the genus Ambrosia native to regions of the Americas.[1][2]

Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Ambrosia
Species:
A. artemisiifolia
Binomial name
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Synonyms
  • Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L.
  • Ambrosia chilensis Hook. & Arn.
  • Ambrosia elata Salisb.
  • Ambrosia elatior L.
  • Ambrosia glandulosa Scheele
  • Ambrosia monophylla (Walter) Rydb.
  • Ambrosia paniculata Michx.
  • Ambrosia peruviana Cabrera 1941 not Willd. 1805 nor DC. 1836
  • Iva monophylla Walter

Taxonomy

The species name, artemisiifolia, is given because the leaves were thought to bear a resemblance to the leaves of Artemisia, the true wormwoods.

It has also been called the common names: American wormwood, bitterweed, blackweed, carrot weed, hay fever weed, Roman wormwood, short ragweed, stammerwort, stickweed, tassel weed.[1][3]

Distribution

The plant is native to: North America across Canada, the eastern and central United States, the Great Plains, and in Alaska; the Caribbean on Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica; and South America in the southern bioregion (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay), the western bioregion (Bolivia, Peru), and Brazil.[1][4][5][6] The distribution of common ragweed in Europe is expected to expand northwards in the future.[7]

It is the most widespread species of the genus in North America, to which most of the other species of Ambrosia are endemic. During the summer it causes allergic reaction in those that are susceptible, the time of greatest risk being the second week of August.

Description

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an annual plant that emerges in late spring. It propagates mainly by rhizomes, but also by seed.[3]

It is much-branched, and grows up to 70 centimetres (2.3 ft) in height.[8] The pinnately divided soft and hairy leaves are 3–12 centimetres (1.2–4.7 in) long.[8]

Its bloom period is July to October in North America.[8] Its pollen is wind-dispersed, and can be a strong allergen to people with hay fever.[3][9]

It produces 2–4 mm obconic green to brown fruit.[8] It sets seed in later summer or autumn. Since the seeds persist into winter and are numerous and rich in oil, they are relished by songbirds and upland game birds.[3]

Invasive species

Common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, is a widespread invasive species, and can become a noxious weed, that has naturalized in: Europe; temperate Asia and the Indian subcontinent; temperate northern and southern Africa and Macaronesia; Oceania in Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii; and Southwestern North America in California and the Southwestern United States.[1][8][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Common ragweed is a very competitive weed and can produce yield losses in soybeans as high as 30 percent. Control with night tillage reduces emergence by around 45 percent. Small grains in rotation will also suppress common ragweed if they are overseeded with clover. Otherwise, the ragweed will grow and mature and produce seeds in the small grain stubble.

Its wind-blown pollen is highly allergenic.

Ragweed control

As of 2005 several herbicides were effective against common ragweed, although resistant populations were known to exist.[16] In 2007 several Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations were glyphosate resistant, exclusively in the USA.[17]

As of 2014 the ragweed leaf beetle, Ophraella communa, has been found south of the Alps in southern Switzerland and northern Italy. Many of the attacked plants were completely defoliated.[18] Zygogramma suturalis was introduced to Russia, and then China, for ragweed control, with very positive initial results.

SMARTER is a European interdisciplinary network of experts involved in the control of ragweed, health care professionals, aerobiologists, ecologists, economists, and atmospheric and agricultural modellers.[19]

Chemical composition, and uses

Sesquiterpene lactones and molluscicide

Three sesquiterpene lactones isolated from the aerial parts of Ambrosia artemisiifolia were identified as psilostachyin A, psilostachyin B and psilostachyin C. All of them have some molluscicidal activity against the small tropical freshwater snail Oncomelania hupensis.[20]

Medicinal

Ambrosia artemisiifolia has been a traditional medicinal plant for Native American tribes, including the Cherokee, Lakota, Iroquois, Dakota, and Delaware.[21]

Phytoremediation

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is used in phytoremediation projects remediating soil pollution, for removing heavy metals such as lead from contaminated soil.[22]

  • Plant from distance
  • Close-up of leaf
  • Inflorescence (male capitula)
  • Close-up of male capitula
  • Female flowers in leaf axil
  • Achenes
  • Pollen grain (scanning electron microscope)

References
  1. "Ambrosia artemisiifolia". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  2. Calflora: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
  3. NPIN−Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
  4. Bonap.net: Biota of North America Program county distribution map (2014)
  5. Hokche, O., P. E. Berry & O. Huber. (eds.) 2008. Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela 1–859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, Caracas.
  6. Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 2015 en adelante. Catalogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia (adiciones).
  7. Rasmussen, Karen; Thyrring, Jakob; Muscarella, Robert; Borchsenius, Finn (16 March 2017). "Climate-change-induced range shifts of three allergenic ragweeds ( L.) in Europe and their potential impact on human health". PeerJ. 5: e3104. doi:10.7717/peerj.3104. PMC 5357339. PMID 28321366.
  8. Jepson eFlora (TJM2): Ambrosia artemisiifolia . accessed 26 August 2016.
  9. Newscientist.com: "North American ragweed to bring autumn allergy misery to Europe."
  10. Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 15 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 988. 1753.
  11. Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 876, 877 豚草 tun cao Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 988. 1753.
  12. Altervista.org: Flora Italiana − Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
  13. Atlas of Living Australia: Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Annual Ragweed)
  14. INRA - The common ragweed
  15. Circabc.europa.eu; Final report: "EC Assessing and Controlling the spread and the effects of Common ragweed in Europe"
  16. A. Davis, K. Renner, C. Sprague, L. Dyer, D. Mutch (2005). Integrated Weed Management. MSU.
  17. Stephen B Powles (April 2008). "Evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt". Pest Management Science Pest Management Science. 64 (4): 360–365. doi:10.1002/ps.1525. PMID 18273881.
  18. Müller-Schärer, H (2014). "Ophraella communa, the ragweed leaf beetle, has successfully landed in Europe: fortunate coincidence or threat?" (PDF). Weed Research. 54 (2): 109–119. doi:10.1111/wre.12072.
  19. Cf. www.ragweed.eu Archived 2013-06-11 at the Wayback Machine. The project ran from 2013 to 2017 as part of the EU programme COST. More than 120 participants from 33 countries were active during 2013.
  20. Wang, P. H.; Xu, J.; Wu, M. Y. (1993). "Chemical constituents of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 18 (3): 164–166, 191. PMID 8352903.
  21. BRIT.org: Native American Ethnobotany Database on Ambrosia artemisiifolia . accessed 26 August 2016.
  22. Huang, Jianwei W.; Chen, Jianjun; Berti, William R.; Cunningham, Scott D. (1997). "Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soils: Role of Synthetic Chelates in Lead Phytoextraction". Environmental Science & Technology. 31 (3): 800–805. Bibcode:1997EnST...31..800H. doi:10.1021/es9604828.
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