Alternanthera mosaic virus

Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) is a plant pathogenic virus. AltMV belongs to the virus genus Potexvirus and the virus family Alphaflexiviridae.

Alternanthera mosaic virus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Tymovirales
Family: Alphaflexiviridae
Genus: Potexvirus
Species:
Alternanthera mosaic virus

AltMV was first identified in 1999 in Queensland, Australia.[1] The virus was found in Alternanthera pugens (Amaranthaceae), a weed found in both the southern USA and Australia. Since then, AltMV has been identified in various ornamental plants in Italy,[2] the United States (Maryland and Pennsylvania,[3] Florida,[4] and New York),[5] and Brazil.[6]

This virus has a close serological relationship (ELISA/antiserum to the capsid protein) with another well known Potexvirus called Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV). This relationship has led to several examples of misdiagnosis in the past.[7][8] Sequencing has shown that the core region of the capsid protein is only 79.8% identical to PapMV at the nucleotide level.[1] Isolates of AltMV have shown a 93-99% nucleotide identity to the original Australian isolate.[2][3][4]

Host range and symptoms

This virus had been diagnosed in several ornamental plants since its discovery in 1999. These include moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora), phlox (Phlox stolonifera), skullcap (Scutellaria sp), firecracker plant (Crossandra infundibuliformis), angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia), Torenia sp, Helichrysum sp., and Salvia splendens. Three of these (Angelonia, Salvia and Torenia sp) showed no obvious symptoms.

Host range studies showed this virus can also systemically infect tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), faba beans (Vicia faba), sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), and Zinnias (Zinnia elegans). Some cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), cucumbers (Cucumis sativus), and black-eyed peas (Vigna unguiculata) also became systemically infected. Many of these plants showed mild symptoms or were asymptomatic. The virus does not seem to infect papaya (Carica papaya).

Transmission

Like other members of the potexvirus genus, this virus is not known to have a specific insect vector. These viruses occur in high concentration in their hosts and are transmitted easily by mechanical means (tools, leaf contact etc.). International trade of ornamental plants propagated by infected cuttings can and probably has spread the disease worldwide.

References
  1. Geering, A. D.; Thomas, J. E. (1999). "Characterisation of a virus from Australia that is closely related to papaya mosaic potexvirus". Archives of Virology. 144 (3): 577–592. doi:10.1007/s007050050526. PMID 10226621. S2CID 21864050.
  2. Ciuffo, M.; Turina, M. (2004). "A potexvirus related to Papaya mosaic virus isolated from moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora) in Italy". Plant Pathology. 53 (4): 515. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01040.x.
  3. Hammond, J.; Reinsel, M. D.; Maroon-Lango, C. J. (2005). "Identification and full sequence of an isolate of Alternanthera mosaic potexvirus infecting Phlox stolonifera". Archives of Virology. 151 (3): 477–493. doi:10.1007/s00705-005-0646-2. PMID 16211329. S2CID 25888955.
  4. Baker, C. A.; Breman, L.; Jones, L. (2006). "Alternanthera mosaic virusFound inScutellaria, Crossandra, andPortulacaspp. In Florida". Plant Disease. 90 (6): 833. doi:10.1094/PD-90-0833C. PMID 30781270.
  5. Lockhart, B. E.; Daughtrey, M. L. (2008). "First Report ofAlternanthera mosaic virusInfection in Angelonia in the United States". Plant Disease. 92 (10): 1473. doi:10.1094/PDIS-92-10-1473B. PMID 30769547.
  6. Duarte et al. Plant Dis. in review
  7. Breman, L. L. (1999). "A Strain of Papaya Mosaic Potexvirus in Scutellaria" (PDF). Fla. Dept. Agric. & Consumer Services. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  8. Eshenaur, B.C., V.E. Jarlfors, K.A. Kelly and J. O'Mara. 1995. Detection of a virus infecting portulaca hybrids in Kentucky and Kansas greenhouses. (Abstract). Proceeds of American Phytopathological Society 85: 1171.
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